Abstract: A closing device for opening and closing an opening in a vehicle is disclosed. The closing device comprises a closing system, having a closing body (SK) that is fitted on the vehicle (FZ) in a movable manner and is configured to open and close the opening (O), a drive device (AV) that is operatively connected to the closing body (SK) and is configured to move the closing body (SK), and a transmission system (US) that is arranged between the closing body (SK) and the drive device (AV) and is configured to transmit a drive force generated by the drive device (AV) to the closing body (SK). The closing system (SLS) has a closing system spring rate (FRSLS) that characterizes an overall elasticity of the closing body (SLS), of the drive device (AV) and of the transmission system (US). The closing device (SV) also comprises a force transmission spring unit (KUFE) that is configured to pick up the drive force transmitted from the drive device (AV) to the closing body (SK).

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for controlling an assembly comprising multiple switchable electrochromic individual panes, to set a transmittance individually in each case for these by a respective electrical actuation signal, wherein respective data of the state at the time of each individual pane are recorded by a control device and a configuration of the respective actuation signal is established in each case for each individual pane on the basis of the state data. The configurations of the actuation signals are thereby made to match one another in such a way that the individual panes have preferably the same transmittance value.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for determining a temperature of a variable-transparency, switchable pane, which has a variable-transparency layer, which is arranged to switch said pane between two transparent electrically conductive contact layers, wherein, in the method, a control apparatus of the switchable pane applies an electrical voltage to at least one of the two contact layers and determines an electric current resulting in each case from the voltage. In this case, depending on the applied voltage and the current resulting in each case, a respective ohmic resistance value and/or a combination of electrical capacitance value and ohmic resistance value of the variable-transparency layer is determined and at least one temperature value is determined therefrom by a predetermined allocation rule.

Abstract: A closing device for opening and closing an opening in a vehicle is disclosed. The closing device comprises a closing system, having a closing body (SK) that is fitted on the vehicle (FZ) in a movable manner and is configured to open and close the opening (O), a drive device (AV) that is operatively connected to the closing body (SK) and is configured to move the closing body (SK), and a transmission system (US) that is arranged between the closing body (SK) and the drive device (AV) and is configured to transmit a drive force generated by the drive device (AV) to the closing body (SK). The closing system (SLS) has a closing system spring rate (FRSLS) that characterizes an overall elasticity of the closing body (SLS), of the drive device (AV) and of the transmission system (US). The closing device (SV) also comprises a force transmission spring unit (KUFE) that is configured to pick up the drive force transmitted from the drive device (AV) to the closing body (SK).

Abstract: A planar light modulation apparatus includes first and second planar, transparent substrates, each with a transparent, electrically conductive coating. The coatings are connectable to an electrical voltage source. A light modulation element in the space between the coatings includes a first dielectric material with a predefinable concentration of particles dispersed therein. While the particles are randomly arranged in the first dielectric material they render the light modulation element substantially nontransmissive for light impinging thereon or cause the light modulation element to appear opaque. Up to about 25° C. or higher and at atmospheric pressure, the first dielectric material is solid or has a viscosity that does not allow the particles to change their alignment based on Brownian motion. The material can be heated with a heating device to lower the viscosity and to allow the particles to alter their alignment in the first dielectric material on the basis of Brownian motion.

Abstract: A planar light modulation apparatus includes first and second planar, transparent substrates, each with a transparent, electrically conductive coating. The coatings are connectable to an electrical voltage source. A light modulation element in the space between the coatings includes a first dielectric material with a predefinable concentration of particles dispersed therein. While the particles are randomly arranged in the first dielectric material they render the light modulation element substantially nontransmissive for light impinging thereon or cause the light modulation element to appear opaque. Up to about 25° C. or higher and at atmospheric pressure, the first dielectric material is solid or has a viscosity that does not allow the particles to change their alignment based on Brownian motion. The material can be heated with a heating device to lower the viscosity and to allow the particles to alter their alignment in the first dielectric material on the basis of Brownian motion.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for determining a temperature of a variable-transparency, switchable pane, which has a variable-transparency layer, which is arranged to switch said pane between two transparent electrically conductive contact layers, wherein, in the method, a control apparatus of the switchable pane applies an electrical voltage to at least one of the two contact layers and determines an electric current resulting in each case from the voltage. In this case, depending on the applied voltage and the current resulting in each case, a respective ohmic resistance value and/or a combination of electrical capacitance value and ohmic resistance value of the variable-transparency layer is determined and at least one temperature value is determined therefrom by a predetermined allocation rule.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for controlling an assembly comprising multiple switchable electrochromic individual panes, to set a transmittance individually in each case for these by a respective electrical actuation signal, wherein respective data of the state at the time of each individual pane are recorded by a control device and a configuration of the respective actuation signal is established in each case for each individual pane on the basis of the state data. The configurations of the actuation signals are thereby made to match one another in such a way that the individual panes have preferably the same transmittance value.