Abstract: Simultaneous measurements of the temperature are taken at different points in time along with discrete measurements of the thickness of the refractory lining of the melt vessel. The temperature are measured at two exactly fixed cross-sections spaced along a system of heat-conductive bodies, with each body having a diameter smaller than the diameter of wetting by the electroconductive melt of all the bodies, the temperature indicator being incorporated in the refractory lining.

Abstract: A sealing device which comprises a refractory portion consisting of high-alumina material with an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 content higher than 80%. The internal portion of the sealing device is made up of refractory cement with an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 content higher than 80% which is cast and vibrated in a mould formed by a cylinder-shaped metallic part of the device and an internal fixed template. After the setting of the refractory cement, the internal templet is drawn out and the device, comprising a metallic and a refractory portion, is subjected to drying. This is effected at 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Method of and apparatus for treating and refining liquid metal alloys by direct current arc heating. On at least a part of the melt surface there is performed an electrolysis whereby the melt across a layer of liquid slag-electrolyte is connected as an anode or a cathode, and the connection with the other pole--cathode or anode--is effected by means of one or more direct current arcs. Depending upon the desired direction of the electrolysis process, it is possible to change the polarity of the metal melt or the slag-electrolyte. The apparatus for performing the method comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanism for pouring, a movable cover and movable electrodes. The centers of the electrodes are disposed symmetrically one to the other in a vertical plane. As a source of direct current there are used two or more rectifiers operating independently.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method of operating an apparatus for the refining of a ferrous melt make use of a ladle with a removable cover provided with a porous plug at its bottom through which an inert gas is introduced. A direct current source is connected to an electrode means comprising at least three electrodes in electrical contact with the melt.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the refining of a ferrous melt makes use of a ladle with a removable cover provided with a porous plug at its bottom through which an inert gas is introduced. A direct current source is connected to a carbon electrode in contact with the melt and at least one electrode above the melt.