Abstract: An atomic absorption spectrometer is disclosed which includes a monochromater and an optical path defined by a toric mirror, a flat mirror, a flat mirror, a flat mirror, a toric mirror, and a further toric mirror. The toric mirror directs light through entrance slit of the monochromater so that radiation is reflected from diffraction grating and out exit slit to a detector. A sample stage in the form of a furnace is located between the mirrors. The monochromater is oriented so that the entrance slit is arranged transverse to the vertical.

Abstract: An atomic absorption spectrometer is disclosed which includes a monochromater (30) and an optical path defined by a toric mirror (14), a flat mirror (16), a flat mirror (20), a flat mirror (24), a toric mirror (22) and a further toric mirror (26). The toric mirror (26) directs light through entrance slit (32) of the monochromater (30) so that radiation is reflected from diffraction grating (38) and out exit slit (40) to a detector (42). A sample stage (18) in the form of a furnace is located between the mirrors (16) and (20). The monochromater is oriented so that the entrance slit is arranged transverse to the vertical.

Abstract: An atomic absorption spectrometer is disclosed which includes a monochromater (30) and an optical path defined by a toric mirror (14), a flat mirror (16), a flat mirror (20), a flat mirror (24), a toric mirror (22) and a further toric mirror (26). The toric mirror (26) directs light through entrance slit (32) of the monochromater (30) so that radiation is reflected from diffraction grating (38) and out exit slit (40) to a detector (42). A sample stage (18) in the form of a furnace is located between the mirrors (16) and (20). The monochromater is oriented so that the entrance slit is arranged transverse to the vertical.

Abstract: Detonating apparatus comprises a plurality of multichannel exploders (MCEs) connected to a control unit which provides an operator/apparatus interface remote from the MCE's detonator circuits. MCEs measure integrity, resonant frequency and impedance at resonance of the detonator circuits connected to each channel, and are thereby programmed to give optimum firing current at the resonant frequency. The control unit provides electrical power, interrogates the MCEs on the status of their detonator circuits, and gives firing signals to be obeyed by MCEs after predetermined delays.