Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a electrical circuit board (1, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) is described in which a part of some or all of the conductors (5a) can be readily detached from the insulating substrate (1) of the board (1, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b). This circuit board (1, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) allows pins (5b) or other interconnection devices to be fabricated as integral part of the board (1, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b). This process allows a particularly high density of pin (5b) to be readily achieved and by definition the pins (5b) are automatically aligned to the remaining conductors (5a) on the circuit board (1, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b).

Abstract: A can end 50 is attached to a flange 16 of a can body 1 by means of a double seam. The radius r.sub.2 of the seaming panel 55 of the can end is related to the radius r.sub.1 of the body flange radius 17 by the formular.sub.2 =r.sub.1 +twhere t is the thickness of the body flange. The benefit arising is that a longer body hook in the seam is achieved so that the overlap of body hook and can end is reliably increased so that reduced axial pressure may be used during formation of the double seam.

Abstract: Apparatus for seaming an end E to an open end of a container body B in at least first and second seaming operations comprises a lifter pad to support the container body, a seaming chuck to support the end in place on the container body, and an annular seaming tool having at least first and second annular seaming profiles on its inner surface which surrounds the end. The apparatus includes drive means for providing relative rolling movement between the seaming tool and the end in which the drive means drives the annular seaming tool to gyrate around the can end. Means are also provided for causing relative movement between the end and the annular seaming tool, from a first relative position in which the first seaming profile can contact the end E to perform the first seaming operation, to at least a second relative position in which the second seaming profile can contact the end E to perform the second seaming operation.

Abstract: A chuck, for use in a machine forming a double seam joining a can body to an end wall of a can, has a hollow body portion 36 made of machinable material and an annulus 37 of harder material joined to the body portion to define a lower part of the side wall of the chuck. The annulus of harder material is preferably covered by an impervious continuous layer 38 of hard material such as titanium nitride, chromium carbide, iron boride or chromium boride.

Abstract: Apparatus for seaming a container end E to an open end of a container body B, comprises a pad to support the container body, a seaming chuck to support the end E in place on the container body B and cooperating with the pad to hold the container body and end one against the other, and an annular seaming tool having two annular seaming profiles on its inner surface which surrounds the end for progressively folding peripheral portions of the container body and end together to form a seam. The annular seaming tool is mounted on a tool holder and means are provided for supporting and driving the tool holder in orbiting motion such that the axis of the seaming tool follows a circular path around the axis of the seaming chuck. The seaming tool is mounted on the apparatus for free rotation about its axis such that when the seaming profile engages the peripheral portions of the container end, it is free to roll around the end to form the seam progressively.