Abstract: Provided is a computer-implemented method, the method including storing a meta-model in a computer-readable storage medium, wherein the meta-model includes at least one risk element, at least one test element and at least one objective element, and associations between the elements, wherein each risk element is associated with one or more objective elements, and/or each risk element is associated with one or more test elements, wherein at least one element of the elements and/or at least one association has at least one associated risk-related parameter. Also provided is a corresponding computer program product and system.

Abstract: Provided is a computer-implemented method, the method including storing a meta-model in a computer-readable storage medium, wherein the meta-model includes at least one risk element, at least one test element and at least one objective element, and associations between the elements, wherein each risk element is associated with one or more objective elements, and/or each risk element is associated with one or more test elements, wherein at least one element of the elements and/or at least one association has at least one associated risk-related parameter. Also provided is a corresponding computer program product and system.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to the specification and implementation of tests on a higher abstraction plane using a declarative description with the aid of aspects (cross-cutting concerns). According to an embodiment of the invention, specific tests are provided with “aspects” that result automatically in new, extended, more powerful tests. This leads advantageously to the simplification of the specification of tests, a re-usability and extensibility of tests and to a simple coupling and combination of tests. For example, functional tests can be provided with the aspect time, which automatically results in performance tests.

Abstract: A method is specified for comparing two specifications which each comprise at least two processes, each of which includes at least two events. A first comparison between the two specifications is carried out with regard to the sequence of the events in the processes, and a second comparison between the two specifications is carried out, taking account of the relationships between events in different processes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer systems and program products, for normalizing computer-represented collections of objects. A first minimum value can be normalized based on a second minimum value of a universal set object that corresponds to the first set object. The second minimum value is both a minimum value supported by a data type (e.g., 1-byte integer) and a minimum value defined to be in the universal set object (e.g., 0 for a universal set of all natural numbers). Similarly, a first maximum value can be normalized based on a second maximum value of the universal set object where the second maximum value is both a maximum value supported by a data type and in the universal set object. Intervals can be normalized, which can involve replacing half-open intervals with equivalent half-closed intervals. Also, a consecutively ordered, uninterrupted, sequence of values of a set object can be normalized.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer systems and program products, for machine-implemented representations of collections of objects. A method includes providing data structure definitions that define a set object to represent the collection of objects; and generating, with a computer-implemented constructor using the one or more data structure definitions, a set object representing the collection of objects. The data structure definitions may define the set object to be a one-dimensional set object including a first list of knot elements, a second list representing the knot elements that the one-dimensional set includes, and a third list representing elements, other than the knot elements, that are included in the one-dimensional set. The data structure definitions may define the set object to be a multi-dimensional set object including set objects, such as one-dimensional set objects or other multi-dimensional set objects, nested within the multi-dimensional set object.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products for data consistency in a database management system. A method may be provided that modifies a plurality of data packages stored in different data containers within a database management system. That method may include receiving a request at the database management system to modify a first data package in a first data container, and modifying the first data package and a second data package in a second data container based on common data in the first and second data packages. Modifying the first and second data packages may include deleting and/or invalidating the first and second data packages. Modifying the first and second data packages based on common data may include modifying the first and second data packages based on an association of the first and second data packages that is formed by a delta management system.

Abstract: A method for integration testing of all objects of an object-oriented program in which an analysis of its source code is first carried out in order to identify the mutual dependencies between objects and classes and, on the basis of these dependencies, those objects that have already been tested are allocated to a set of tested objects and, further, objects that are dependent only on these tested objects are also identified. These objects are tested and are subsequently added to the set of tested objects. When no object can be found that is dependent only on tested objects, those objects are sought that are dependent only on one additional, untested object. This untested object can then be replaced by an object stub for test purposes. The object thus tested is subsequently transferred into the set of tested objects. When objects are found that are dependent only on one another and form a cycle, then one of these is replaced by an object stub in order to be able to test the other.