Abstract: A method for collision-free transfer of a production plant from an substantially off mode to an operating mode, wherein the production plant operating state information of connected process sections required for collision-free startup of the plant is derived at least partially from simulation data of a real-time simulation tool that simulates the production plant operation parallel to the actual operation of the production plant in real-time.

Abstract: A method for collision-free transfer of a production plant from an substantially off mode to an operating mode, wherein the production plant operating state information of connected process sections required for collision-free startup of the plant is derived at least partially from simulation data of a real-time simulation tool that simulates the production plant operation parallel to the actual operation of the production plant in real-time.

Abstract: A plurality of semiconductor arrangements arranged on interconnects are cected parallel to one another in a module. The arrangements lie opposite one another in pairs. At least one pair and at most two pairs of semiconductor arrangements are arranged to follow one another in the direction of an axis of the module and are further connected to lead conductors. Positions of the lead conductors with respect to the contacted semiconductor arrangements are the same for each pair of semiconductor arrangements or, respectively, two respective pairs of semiconductor arrangements. Corresponding lead conductors are connected to one another above the interconnects.

Abstract: An arrangement for controlling the base current of a power transistor comprising an adjustable driver stage which provides the drive power for switching on the power transistor at its base lead. A coupling diode is provided which taps off the voltage at the output of the power transistor. A saturation level control operates in parallel to the adjustable driver stage. A control current is supplied through a coupling diode when the voltage at the output of the power transistor signifies a system variable. The control current forms an auxiliary manipulated variable which adjusts the driver's output so as to supply the power transistor with exactly the right amount of drive power. The power transistor is thereby operated with the desired level of saturation, and particularly at the edge of saturation.