Abstract: A power management system is provided that includes a power supply means comprising a plurality of power supply strings, a testing means operably connected to said plurality of power supply strings for evaluating performance characteristics of said plurality of power supply strings, and a control means for monitoring power requirements and comprising a switching means for controlling switching of said plurality of power supply strings to said testing means.

Abstract: An electric system including at least a pair of battery strings and an AC source minimizes the use and maximizes the efficiency of the AC source by using the AC source only to charge all battery strings at the same time. Then one or more battery strings is used to power the load while management, such as application of a finish charge, is provided to one battery string. After another charge cycle, the roles of the battery strings are reversed so that each battery string receives regular management.

Abstract: A zinc-chlorine battery system in which chlorine gas evolved from the cell structure of the battery during charging of the battery is combined with a stored supply of water to form solid chlorine hydrate. During the discharge cycle of the battery, the chlorine hydrate is decomposed to replenish the chlorine content of the electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrical storage battery consisting of one or a plurality of cells, each comprised of a normally positive electrode for reducing a halogen disposed in electrical contact therewith and a normally negative electrode having an oxidizable metal disposed in electrical contact therewith during an electrical discharge of the cell. The cell is filled with an aqueous metal halide electrolyte which is adapted to be circulated between the cell and a storage area containing a replenishable halogen hydrate which is progressively consumed during discharge of the battery. A replenishment of the oxidizable metal is also effected periodically accompanied by a withdrawal of a controlled portion of the electrolyte to maintain the volume thereof within a preselected range.

Abstract: An electrical energy storage device comprising at least one cell containing a normally positive electrode at which a halogen is reduced and a normally negative electrode at which a metal is oxidized during an electrical discharge of the storage device. The halogen and oxidizable metal components consumed during the electrical discharge of the device are regenerated during an electrical recharging of the storage device and the halogen component is recovered and converted to a halogen hydrate for storage in the system.

Abstract: A simple, inexpensive and trouble-free method of controlling the chlorine feed to a metal-chlorine battery system from a source of chlorine hydrate includes circulating aqueous electrolyte from an electrode compartment through a pump and recycled back to the electrode compartment, taking off a portion of the electrolyte, passing through a container of chlorine hydrate from which it releases chlorine and water, the chlorine generation increasing the pressure in the container, controlling the flow of electrolyte to the container, allowing the chlorine generated to flow from the container to the recycle line and back to the electrode compartment, which diminishes the pressure in the container, at which time electrolyte is again admitted to it, and the steps are continually repeated during the discharging of a battery system.

Abstract: A bipolar electrode apparatus for use in a secondary electrical energy storage device comprising a first member having a front and back side, a second member having a front and back side, a plurality of passageways formed by the attachment on the back sides of the first and second members and provided that the front side of the first member is the positive electrode in one cell and the front side of the second member is the negative electrode of a second cell, the first member being permeable to electrolyte but gas impermeable and adapted to pass electrolyte from the passageway through it and the second member being both gas and electrolyte impermeable.

Abstract: A process for useful storage of electrical energy employing halogen hydrates is described. The halogen hydrate can be generated during the charging of a secondary battery or may be chemically generated and placed in a primary battery.