Abstract: A method of determining a number of epitopes on an exosome using a combination of optical and electrical interrogation techniques. Implementations of the method quantify the number of epitopes on a target exosome, e.g. a tumour-derived exosome.

Abstract: A method of detecting a target biological entity in a biofluid using a sensor, wherein the biofluid comprises a plurality of the target biological entities and nanoparticles, the sensor comprising a substrate bearing a pair of electrodes having an affinity with the nanoparticles, and wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region.

Abstract: A method of detecting a target biological entity in a biofluid using a sensor, wherein the biofluid comprises a plurality of the target biological entities and nanoparticles, the sensor comprising a substrate bearing a pair of electrodes having an affinity with the nanoparticles, and wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region.

Abstract: A method of isolating target extracellular vesicles, EVs or target viruses from a biofluid comprising a plurality of target EVs and target viruses and non-target EVs and non-target viruses, comprising: introducing a plurality of EV or viral capture microparticles to the biofluid to obtain a precursor mixture, wherein the plurality of EV or viral capture microparticles are functionalised, via a plurality of first linkers, with EV or viral-specific binding agents specific to an EV or first viral surface marker, such that a plurality of bound microparticle-EV and bound viral-microparticle assemblies is formed in the precursor mixture; extracting the bound microparticle-EV/microparticle-viral assemblies; introducing a plurality of target or viral capture nanoparticles, wherein the plurality of target or viral capture nanoparticles are functionalised with target or viral-specific binding agents receptive to surface markers comprised on the target EVs or a second viral surface marker, such that the target or viral

Abstract: A method of detecting a target biological entity in a biofluid using a sensor, wherein the biofluid comprises a plurality of the target biological entities and nanoparticles, the sensor comprising a substrate bearing a pair of electrodes having an affinity with the nanoparticles, and wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region.

Abstract: A method of detecting a target biological entity in a biofluid using a sensor, wherein the biofluid comprises a plurality of the target biological entities and nanoparticles, the sensor comprising a substrate bearing a pair of electrodes having an affinity with the nanoparticles, and wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region.

Abstract: A method of detecting a target biological entity comprising: introducing a biofluid to a suspension to provide a precursor mixture, the biofluid comprising a plurality of target biological entities, and the suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each of the plurality of nanoparticles is functionalized so that it may bind with the target biological entity to produce a bound nanoparticle-entity assembly; treating the precursor mixture to separate/isolate the bound nanoparticle-entity assemblies to provide a treated precursor mixture; and characterizing the treated precursor mixture with a sensor comprising a substrate bearing electrodes separated by a lateral distance of less than 100 nm, wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region.

Abstract: An apparatus for shock cooling a vulcanized tire includes a vulcanized-tire holding mechanism for holding a vulcanized tire and a tank for holding fluid to shock cool the vulcanized tire. The vulcanized tire is submerged in the fluid for between 4 and 60 minutes whereby the vulcanized tire reaches a predetermined temperature.