Abstract: A method includes forming a first metallic feature, forming a dielectric layer over the first metallic feature, etching the dielectric layer to form an opening, with a top surface of the first metallic feature being exposed through the opening, and performing a first treatment on the top surface of the first metallic feature. The first treatment is performed through the opening, and the first treatment is performed using a first process gas. After the first treatment, a second treatment is performed through the opening, and the second treatment is performed using a second process gas different from the first process gas. A second metallic feature is deposited in the opening.

Abstract: A method for removing a heavy metal from water includes subjecting a microbial solution containing a liquid culture of a urease-producing bacterial strain and a reaction solution containing a manganese compound and urea to a microbial-induced precipitation reaction, so as to obtain biomineralized manganese carbonate (MnCO3) particles, admixing the biomineralized MnCO3 particles with water containing a heavy metal, so that the biomineralized MnCO3 particles adsorb the heavy metal in the water to form a precipitate, and removing the precipitate from the water.

Abstract: A portable memory storage device with a miniaturized memory storage assembly package with electrical contacts that further includes a casing, the casing holding the memory package and having a first end portion, a cover, the cover being rotatable about the first end portion of the casing, and at least a plug for engaging the cover and the casing and being fitted about the first end portion of the casing. When the cover is rotated about the first end portion of the casing to selectively cover or expose the electrical contacts, the plug rotates about the first end portion with the cover. Further, the first end portion includes a groove on an interior side surface, and when the cover is at a first locked state, a projection of the plug abuts against a side of the groove. The electrical contacts can be formed in accordance with the USB Specification.

Abstract: A portable memory storage device with a miniaturized memory storage assembly package with electrical contacts that further includes a casing, the casing holding the memory package and having a first end portion, a cover, the cover being rotatable about the first end portion of the casing, and at least a plug for engaging the cover and the casing and being fitted about the first end portion of the casing. When the cover is rotated about the first end portion of the casing to selectively cover or expose the electrical contacts, the plug rotates about the first end portion with the cover. Further, the first end portion includes a groove on an interior side surface, and when the cover is at a first locked state, a projection of the plug abuts against a side of the groove. The electrical contacts can be formed in accordance with the USB Specification.