Abstract: A cardiac lead comprising a lead body extending from a proximal end portion to a distal end portion; a cardiac electrode disposed along the lead body; and a coating associated with at least a portion of the electrode, wherein the coating comprises a conductive polymer.

Abstract: A cardiac lead comprising a lead body extending from a proximal end portion to a distal end portion; a cardiac electrode disposed along the lead body; and a coating associated with at least a portion of the electrode, the coating comprises a conductive polymer.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly for use with a direct organic fuel cell containing a formic acid fuel includes a solid polymer electrolyte having first and second surfaces, an anode on the first surface and a cathode on the second surface and electrically linked to the anode. The solid polymer electrolyte has a thickness t: t ? n f ? D f ? C f ? K f ? j f c where Cf is the formic acid fuel concentration over the anode, Df is the effective diffusivity of the fuel in the solid polymer electrolyte, Kf is the equilibrium constant for partition coefficient for the fuel into the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, ? is Faraday's constant nf is the number of electrons released when 1 molecule of the fuel is oxidized, and jfc is an empirically determined crossover rate of fuel above which the fuel cell does not operate.

Abstract: An electrode includes a titanium substrate with a surface including an implanted layer of titanium oxy-nitride compounds.

Abstract: A cardiac lead comprising a lead body extending from a proximal end portion to a distal end portion; a cardiac electrode disposed along the lead body; and a coating associated with at least a portion of the electrode, wherein the coating comprises a conductive polymer.

Abstract: A method of electrolytic synthesis comprises applying a potential between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode is in contact with a first fluid stream in a channel, the second electrode is in contact with a second fluid stream in the channel, and the first steam and the second stream are in parallel laminar flow in the channel.

Abstract: A method for transporting a gas to an electrode in a fuel cell is provided, whereby the gas is dissolved in an emulsion comprising a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a surfactant and an aqueous electrolyte with a pH of at most 4 or at least 9, and the emulsion is contacted with the electrode.

Abstract: A direct organic fuel cell includes a formic acid fuel solution having between about 10% and about 95% formic acid. The formic acid is oxidized at an anode. The anode may include a Pt/Pd catalyst that promotes the direct oxidation of the formic acid via a direct reaction path that does not include formation of a CO intermediate.

Abstract: A direct organic fuel cell includes a formic acid fuel solution having between about 10% and about 95% formic acid. The formic acid is oxidized at an anode. The anode may include a Pt/Pd catalyst that promotes the direct oxidation of the formic acid via a direct reaction path that does not include formation of a CO intermediate.

Abstract: A method of electrolytic synthesis comprises applying a potential between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode is in contact with a first fluid stream in a channel, the second electrode is in contact with a second fluid stream in the channel, and the first steam and the second stream are in parallel laminar flow in the channel.

Abstract: A method for transporting a gas to an electrode in a fuel cell is provided, whereby the gas is dissolved in an emulsion comprising a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a surfactant and an aqueous electrolyte with a pH of at most 4 or at least 9, and the emulsion is contacted with the electrode.

Abstract: A direct organic fuel cell includes a formic acid fuel solution having between about 10% and about 95% formic acid. The formic acid is oxidized at an anode. The anode may include a Pt/Pd catalyst that promotes the direct oxidation of the formic acid via a direct reaction path that does not include formation of a CO intermediate.