Abstract: A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.

Abstract: Methods to fabricate high aspect ratio powder composite microstructures is provided by filling a molding composition containing a powdered material and a binder into a patterned mold, and releasing the cured composite microstructures from the mold. An alternate method is by filling a mix of powdered dense metals and low-melt alloys into a patterned mold, and releasing the melted and solidified composite microstructures from the mold. The mold is derived from lithographically defined parent mold. One example of the application is in the field of x-ray anti-scatter grids and nuclear collimators.

Abstract: Grids and collimators, for use with electromagnetic energy emitting devices, include at least a metal layer that is formed, for example, by electroplating/electroforming or casting. The metal layer includes top and bottom surfaces, and a plurality of solid integrated walls. Each of the solid integrated walls extends from the top to bottom surface and has a plurality of side surfaces. The side surfaces of the solid integrated walls are arranged to define a plurality of openings extending entirely through the layer. At least some of the walls also can include projections extending into the respective openings formed by the walls.

Abstract: The invention provides a mixing flow apparatus. The mixing flow apparatus consists of a waveguide and a mixing flow chamber; the waveguide having a higher index of refraction material than its surroundings for propagation of a signal, and the mixing flow chamber having a body forming a flow chamber with an inlet, an outlet, a radiation transmissive wall and a surface positioned to disrupt flow regularity of a sample fluid, the body of the mixing flow chamber surrounding at least a portion of the waveguide, wherein constituents of a sample fluid entering the inlet are mixed by disruption of sample fluid flow regularity prior to discharge at the outlet. Also provided is a detection apparatus.