Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation including a solvent for providing a viscosity of a radiative cooling material for application onto a surface to be passively cooled. The radiative cooling formulation includes a binder for the radiative cooling material's integrity and bonding to the surface to be passively cooled. The radiative cooling formulation includes a polymer, which, in combination with the binder, provides one or more properties in the radiative cooling material, including a reflectance of or greater than 55% in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns and a first thermal emissivity peak value greater than 0.85 at a first wavelength in a range of 8 to 13 microns (?m). For example, the polymer is a latex material including a styrene based copolymer.

Abstract: A method of producing a polymer aerogel includes dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, and removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce the polymer aerogel. A method of producing a polymer aerogel include dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce the polymer aerogel, and reducing a refractive index of one of either the gel polymer or the polymer aerogel.

Abstract: A dried polymer aerogel has a Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET) surface area over 100 m2/g, porosity of greater than 10%, visible transparency greater than 20%, color rendering index of over 20%, and average pore size of less than 100 nm.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation including a first component with >55% reflectance in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with a first thermal emissivity peak value greater than 0.85 at a first wavelength in a range of 8 to 13 microns (?m), and a third component to mechanically bind together a mixture of the first component and second component.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation including a first component with >55% reflectance in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with a first thermal emissivity peak value greater than 0.85 at a first wavelength in a range of 8 to 13 microns (?m), and a third component to mechanically bind together a mixture of the first component and second component.

Abstract: A method of producing a polymer aerogel includes dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, and removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce the polymer aerogel. A method of producing a polymer aerogel include dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce the polymer aerogel, and reducing a refractive index of one of either the gel polymer or the polymer aerogel.

Abstract: A method of forming a sensor includes providing a substrate, forming a polymer aerogel layer on the substrate, and infusing the polymer aerogel layer with sensing molecules.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation comprising a first component with >55% reflectance in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with >0.85 peak thermal emissivity in a window range of 4 to 35 microns, and a third component to mechanically bind together a mixture of the first and second components.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation comprising a first component with >55% reflectance in wavelengths between 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with >0.85 peak thermal emissivity in a window of 4 to 35 microns, and a third component to mechanically bind together the mixture of components.

Abstract: A sensor has a transparent polymer aerogel, and sensing materials dispersed into the transparent, polymer aerogel, where the sensing materials change color in response to environmental conditions. A method of forming a sensor includes providing a substrate, forming a polymer aerogel layer on the substrate, and infusing the polymer aerogel layer with sensing molecules.

Abstract: A polymer aerogel has polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of less than 1.5, and the polymer aerogel has a visible transmittance of at least 20%/3 mm, a haze of 50%/3 mm or lower, and a porosity of at least 10%. A method of producing an aerogel includes dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, and removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce an aerogel polymer.

Abstract: A method includes depositing graphene into a hardener, mixing the hardener and the graphene to produce a homogeneous composite mixture, adding a resin material to the composite mixture to produce an epoxy graphene material, coating a structure with the epoxy graphene material, aligning the graphene sheets in the in-plane orientation, and curing the epoxy graphene material.

Abstract: A dried polymer aerogel has a Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET) surface area over 100 m2/g, porosity of greater than 10%, visible transparency greater than 20%, color rendering index of over 20%, and average pore size of less than 100 nm.

Abstract: A method to produce a polymer gel includes dissolving precursors in a solvent to form a precursor solution, the precursors including polymer precursors, a stable free radical, one or more initiating radicals, and one or more stable free radical control agents, and heating the precursor solution to a temperature of polymerization to produce a cross-linked gel. A dried polymer aerogel has a Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET) surface area over 100 m2/g, porosity of greater than 10%, visible transparency greater than 20%, color rendering index of over 20%, and average pore size of less than 100 nm.

Abstract: A method of producing a polymer aerogel can include dissolving gel precursors consisting of radical polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers, radical initiators, and a chain transfer agent (CTA) in a reaction solvent, wherein the monomers and cross-linkers produce stiff homopolymers; placing the gel precursors into a substrate; polymerizing the gel on the substrate; optionally removing the wet gel from the mold; optionally performing at least one solvent exchange on the gel; and removing the reaction solvent.

Abstract: A polymer aerogel has polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of less than 1.5, and the polymer aerogel has a visible transmittance of at least 20%/3 mm, a haze of 50%/3 mm or lower, and a porosity of at least 10%. A method of producing an aerogel includes dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, and removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce an aerogel polymer.

Abstract: A method of producing a transparent polymer aerogel can include dissolving gel precursors consisting of radical polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers, radical initiators, and a chain transfer agent (CTA) in a reaction solvent, placing the gel precursors into a substrate, polymerizing the gel on the substrate, optionally removing the wet gel from the mold, optionally performing at least one solvent exchange on the gel, and drying the solvent-exchanged gel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation comprising a first component with >55% reflectance in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with >0.85 peak thermal emissivity in a window range of 4 to 35 microns, and a third component to mechanically bind together a mixture of the first and second components.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation comprising a first component with >55% reflectance in a wavelengths range of 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with >0.85 peak thermal emissivity in a window range of 4 to 35 microns, and a third component to mechanically bind together a mixture of the first and second components.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a radiative cooling formulation comprising a first component with >55% reflectance in wavelengths between 0.3 to 2.5 microns, a second component with >0.85 peak thermal emissivity in a window of 4 to 35 microns, and a third component to mechanically bind together the mixture of components.