Abstract: An apparatus for generating dialysate for dialysis comprising a dialysate outlet and a dialysate inlet and dialysate purifying means, wherein the purifying means comprise a cryopurifier for generating pure water, wherein the inlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate outlet and the outlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate inlet; and a method for reclaiming of fresh dialysate from ultrafiltrate and wasted dialysate extracted from a dialysis patient, comprising the following steps: preparing an ice slurry from the dialysate, wherein the ice slurry contains ice crystals and a liquid containing solutes; and separating the ice crystals from the liquid containing the solutes.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating dialysate for dialysis comprising a dialysate outlet and a dialysate inlet and dialysate purifying means, wherein the purifying means comprise a cryopurifier for generating pure water, wherein the inlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate outlet and the outlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate inlet; and a method for reclaiming of fresh dialysate from ultrafiltrate and wasted dialysate extracted from a dialysis patient, comprising the following steps: preparing an ice slurry from the dialysate, wherein the ice slurry contains ice crystals and a liquid containing solutes; and separating the ice crystals from the liquid containing the solutes.

Abstract: A method for producing images (8) on a substrate (2) with colour bodies thereon, the colour bodies losing a colour effect due to a laser (23) and consisting of dyes or pigments contained in capsules (1). Different colour bodies having at least three different colour effects are on or in the substrate (2). The method includes: (a) producing a colour chart (14), with individual colour effect of individual colour bodies contained as a function of the spatial coordinates thereof on or in the substrate; and (b) spatially resolving radiation, which opens the colour effect of colour bodies of individual capsules and releases dyes by a laser (23) at a single frequency on the basis of the colour chart (14) in order to produce a resultant colour effect. Substrates, like security documents, can be produced this method.

Abstract: A method is described for producing a character, pattern, symbol and/or image (8) on a substrate (2) by way of pigment particles (1) which are arranged thereon and lose their color effect under the action of a laser (23), wherein different pigment particles (1) with at least three different color effects are arranged on and/or in the substrate (2). The invention is distinguished by the following method steps: (a) production of a color chart (14), in which the individual color effect of individual pigment particles (1) or individual clusters of pigment particles is contained as a function of their spatial coordinate on and/or in the substrate (2); (b) spatially resolved irradiation, which changes the color effect of only individual pigment particles (1) or individual clusters of pigment particles, by way of a laser (23) at a single frequency on the basis of the color chart (14) in order to produce a resulting color effect.

Abstract: What is described is a method for producing a sign, pattern, symbol and/or image (8) on a substrate (2) with colour bodies arranged on said substrate, said colour bodies losing the colour effect under the influence of a laser (23) and consisting of dyes or pigments contained in capsules (1), wherein different colour bodies (1) having at least three different colour effects are arranged on or in the substrate (2). The invention is characterised by the following method steps: (a) producing a colour chart (14), in which the individual colour effect of individual colour bodies (1) formed from dyes or pigment particles is contained as a function of the spatial coordinates thereof on or in the substrate (2); (b) spatially resolved radiation, which open the colour effect of colour bodies (1) just of individual capsules and release these dyes, by means of an excitation beam of a laser (23) at a single frequency on the basis of the colour chart (14) in order to produce a resultant colour effect.

Abstract: A method is described for producing a character, pattern, symbol and/or image (8) on a substrate (2) by way of pigment particles (1) which are arranged thereon and lose their colour effect under the action of a laser (23), wherein different pigment particles (1) with at least three different colour effects are arranged on and/or in the substrate (2). The invention is distinguished by the following method steps: (a) production of a colour chart (14), in which the individual colour effect of individual pigment particles (1) or individual clusters of pigment particles is contained as a function of their spatial coordinate on and/or in the substrate (2); (b) spatially resolved irradiation, which changes the colour effect of only individual pigment particles (1) or individual clusters of pigment particles, by way of a laser (23) at a single frequency on the basis of the colour chart (14) in order to produce a resulting colour effect.

Abstract: An electroimpedance tomograph including a plurality of electrodes placed on a body, measuring circuits processing voltage signals recorded by the electrodes, and a control unit supplying two electrodes each with an alternating current. The control unit has a preset feed frequency. The control unit processes the processed voltage signals of all other electrodes to reconstruct the impedance distribution of the body in the electrode plane. The control unit provides for an automatic setting of the current feed frequency/frequencies to record a background frequency spectrum by detecting the electrode voltage signals over a preset period of time and record them as a voltage time series and transform them into a frequency spectrum. The control unit searches in the background frequency spectrum for a frequency (different states) or frequencies (different frequencies) that leads to a useful signal to background ratio above a preset threshold value when used as a feed frequency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the volume of distribution of a blood component in the body of a living organism, especially the volume of distribution of urea, during an extracorporeal blood treatment. According to this method, the blood to be treated flows through the blood chamber (3) of a dialysis machine (1) in an extracorporeal circuit, said dialysis machine being divided into said blood chamber and a dialysing liquid chamber (4) by a semipermeable membrane (2). Dialysing liquid flows through the dialysing liquid chamber of the dialysis machine in a dialysing liquid channel.

Abstract: An electroimpedance tomograph is provided with a plurality of electrodes placed on a body, measuring circuits that process the voltage signals recorded by the electrodes, and a control unit that supplies two, preferably adjacent electrodes each with an alternating current. The control unit has a preset feed frequency performed in different states and different preset feed frequencies performed at different frequencies. The control unit processes the processed voltage signals of all other electrodes to reconstruct the impedance distribution of the body in the electrode plane. To make the EIT more insensitive to electromagnetic interferences, the control unit provides for an automatic setting of the current feed frequency/frequencies to record a background frequency spectrum by detecting the electrode voltage signals over a preset period of time and record them as a voltage time series and transform them into a frequency spectrum.

Abstract: A method and a device for determining the efficiency of a dialyzer of a dialysis machine during a dialysis treatment wherein the dialyzer is divided by a semipermeable membrane into a blood chamber and a dialysis fluid chamber and wherein the blood flows at a predetermined flow rate through the blood chamber and dialysis fluid flows at a predetermined flow rate through the dialysis fluid chamber. In use, the dialysance or clearance for a predetermined dialysis fluid flow rate and/or blood flow rate is measured, and then the dialysance or clearance for any dialysis fluid flow rate and blood flow rate is calculated.

Abstract: To be able to optimize the hemodialysis treatment process, in-vivo determination of important parameters, such as the exchange efficiency of the dialyzer, represented by the dialysance or clearance, is desirable. Mathematical quantification of the blood purification processes on the basis of measurement technology is especially important. Important measured quantities and operands for the determination of the desired parameter are usually the dialysate flow and the blood flow (Qd, Qb), the inlet and outlet concentrations (cdi, cdo) of the dialysis fluid and the electrolyte transfer rate derived from it as well as the formulation of the mass balance in the dialyzer.

Abstract: A method is described for determining hemodialysis parameters during an extracorporeal blood treatment according to which the blood to be treated in an extracorporeal circulation flows through the blood chamber of a dialyzer divided by a semipermeable membrane into the blood chamber and a dialysate chamber, and dialysate in a dialysate path flows through the dialysate chamber of the dialyzer. According to the method pursuant to the invention, the hemodialysis parameter can also be determined when no balanced state has yet been established. The method according to the invention is based on the response of the dialyzer to a pulse function as inlet signal (pulse response) from the course over time of the physical or chemical characteristic quantity of the dialysate upstream and downstream of the dialyzer. The hemodynamic parameter is then determined from the pulse response of the dialyzer.

Abstract: A device and method are described to determine the concentration of a substance in blood flowing through a blood chamber of a dialyzer during extra corporeal blood treatment. The flow rate of dialysate flowing through the dialysate chamber of the dialyzer is reduced to a value at which the concentration of the substance at the outlet of the dialysate chamber is essentially the same as the concentration of that same substance in the blood at the inlet of the blood chamber. The concentration measurement can be carried out without interrupting the flow of dialysate.

Abstract: In a method and device for monitoring a vascular access during a dialysis treatment, pressure pulses generated by a balancing device connected in a dialysis fluid inlet line and drain line are monitored in the extracorporeal blood circulation path. The pressure pulses are detected with a pressure sensor in the venous blood line and are analyzed in an analyzer unit. When there is a characteristic change in pressure pulses in the extracorporeal blood circulation path, a faulty venous access is deduced, i.e., the needle has slipped out. Upon a faulty venous access condition, an alarm generator generates an acoustic and/or optical alarm, and the blood flow in the extracorporeal circulation is interrupted.