Abstract: An apparatus and method for sorption and desorption of molecular gas contained by storage sites of graphite nano-filaments randomly disposed in three-dimensional reticulated aerogel.

Abstract: A system and method for sorption and desorption of molecular gas contained by storage sites of graphite nano-filaments randomly disposed in three-dimensional reticulated aerogel.

Abstract: Apparatus including a gallium fuel generator configured to convert gallium hydroxide to gallium fuel, the generator comprising a combustor for receipt and combustion of hydrocarbon fuel and an oxidizing gas to form a pressurized hot gas mixture including reducing gases, a dehydrator for dehydrating gallium hydroxide to gallium sesquioxide, a reducer configured to receive the gallium sesquioxide and hot gas mixture to form by reduction an intermixture including spent gases and gallium fuel, and a gallium fuel separator configured to receive and separate the gallium fuel from the intermixture.

Abstract: A liquid gallium-air fuel cell including an anode of liquid gallium fuel, an oxygen breathing cathode to provide hydroxyl ions into an aqueous alkaline electrolytic solution, the solution being positioned between the fuel and the cathode, and providing electrochemically reactive contact between the fuel and the hydroxyl ions of the solution to form gallium hydroxide and provide free electrons, the electrons to be harvested for the conduct of useful electrical work.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon fueled hydrogen generator and hydrogen fueled electric power generating system and apparatus comprising hydrocarbon fuel and oxidizer delivery and mixing apparatus, ignition and combustion apparatus igniting the mixture of fuel and oxidizer, apparatus receiving and conducting the gases of combustion through a sulfur absorbing unit and removing sulfur from the gases, a steam reformer unit reforming carbon monoxide gas into hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas, a carbon monoxide scavenger unit reforming residual carbon monoxide gas to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas; apparatus receiving the hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas and operating to liquefy and separate the carbon dioxide gas from the hydrogen gas; and, structure to hold and deliver the liquid carbon dioxide to useful end; and structure to hold and deliver hydrogen gas to the anode of a hydrogen fueled electric power generating fuel cell.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon fueled hydrogen generator and hydrogen fueled electric power generating system and apparatus comprising hydrocarbon fuel and oxidizer delivery and mixing apparatus, ignition and combustion apparatus igniting the mixture of fuel and oxidizer, apparatus receiving and conducting the gases of combustion through a sulfur absorbing unit and removing sulfur from the gases, a steam reformer unit reforming carbon monoxide gas into hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas, a carbon monoxide scavenger unit reforming residual carbon monoxide gas to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas; apparatus receiving the hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas and operating to liquefy and separate the carbon dioxide gas from the hydrogen gas; and, structure to hold and deliver the liquid carbon dioxide to useful end; and structure to hold and deliver hydrogen gas to the anode of a hydrogen fueled electric power generating fuel cell.

Abstract: An implantable artificial endocrine pancreas comprising a reactive body of soft, plastic, biocompatible, porous hydratable material supporting a multiplicity of endocrine pancreatic islets in isolated spaced relationship from each other; and, a microporous barrier membrane enveloping and supporting the body, in spaced relationship from the pancreatic islets therein and through which molecules having a molecular weight greater than 60,000 Daltons cannot move.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon (hydrogen)/air aerogel catalyzed carbon electrode fuel cell system comprising an acid electrolyte filled; steam hydrocarbon catalytic reformer with a heater and operating to receive and reduce hydrocarbons and water into a reformed gas of hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases; a centrifugal gas-separator device receiving reformed gas from the reformer and operating to separate the hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases of the reformed gas and delivering them separately; a fuel cell comprising a micro porous catalyzed-carbon aerogel anode electrode fed with hydrogen gas delivered by the gas separator, a micro porous catalyzed-carbon aerogel cathode electrode fed with oxygen from ambient air, and, a micro porous cation-filled silica hydrogel electrolyte separator between the anode and cathode electrodes; a hydrocarbon fuel supply delivering hydrocarbon fuel to the reformer; a combustion fuel supply selectively delivering hydrocarbon and hydrogen gas to the heater; and, a water supply receiving water produc

Abstract: An electrochemical fuel cell system comprising a fuel supply; an oxidant supply; a refrigerant supply; a fuel cell including a catalytic ceramic perovskite superconductor anode aerogel electrode fed with fuel from said fuel supply, a catalytic ceramic perovskite superconductor aerogel cathode electrode fed with oxidant from said oxidant supply, an electrolyte laded separator between the anode and cathode; and, an external circuit connected with and between the anode and cathode electrodes.

Abstract: A hydrogen hydride battery including a stack of like cells. Each cell includes novel positive cathode and negative anode electrodes. The negative anode electrodes include micro-porous carbon aerogel structures of randomly disposed interengaged carbon fibers in three-dimensional reticulate form and a hydrogen-absorbing metal alloy structure throughout and conforming generally to and carried by the micro-porous carbon aerogel. The positive cathode electrodes include micro-porous carbon aerogel structures of randomly disposed interengaged carbon fibers in three-dimensional reticulate form that are impregnated with nickelous hydroxide throughout and conforming generally to and carried by the micro-porous carbon aerogel. Central electrolyte separators established of a suitable porous dielectric material, is positioned between positive and negative electrodes.

Abstract: An elongate fuel cell with anode and cathode chambers. A fuel supply delivers a hot fuel gas mixture of steam and methanol or methane to the anode chamber. A catalytic reformer in the anode chamber reforms the fuel gas to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. A hydrogen-permeable anode in the anode chamber is premeated by and diffuses the hydrogen to hydrogen ions and free electrons. A catalytic cathode in the cathode chamber receives hydrogen ions from the anode and is supplied with oxygen from the air. A di-electric, hydrogen-ion-permeable separator is positioned between the anode and the cathode to stop movement of electrons and permit movement of hydrogen ions therebetween. An external electric circuit is connected with and extends between the anode and cathode and conducts the free electrons from the anode to the cathode. The hydrogen ions, oxygen and electrons in the cathode react to produce the by-products, heat and water.

Abstract: A gas fueled fuel cell including spaced anode and cathode electrode parts defining anode and cathode gas chambers, means to conduct anode and cathode fuel gases into the chambers and a unit between the parts and separating the chambers. Said unit includes spaced rigid gas and liquid permeable anode and cathode laminates with outer surfaces disposed toward the anode and cathode chambers. Said outer surfaces have catalytic material deposited thereon and establish chemically reactive interfaces between the laminates and their related chambers. The outer surfaces are covered with gas permeable hydrophobic barriers. The cell next includes spacer means between the laminates including a layer of gas and liquid permeable dielectric material. Finally, the cell includes an ion permeable electrolyte compound between spaced opposing inner surfaces of the gas and liquid permeable laminates.

Abstract: An electro-chemical electric power generating apparatus characterized by first and second electro-chemical fuel cells. Each cell includes a case containing spaced anode and cathode plates, an electrolyte between the plates and an external electric circuit connected therebetween. The apparatus next includes a steam-methane reformer to reform steam and methane to hydrogen enriched gas fuel. The cathode and anode fuels of the first cell are methanol and hydrogen and the byproducts of chemical reaction thereof are water and methane gas. The cathode and anode fuels of the second cell are oxygen and hydrogen and the byproduct of chemical reaction thereof is water. The methane gas byproduct of the first cell and the water byproduct of both cells are conducted to the steam-methane reformer and are reformed thereby into hydrogen enriched fuel gas which is conducted to and feeds the anodes of both of the cells.

Abstract: A catholyte regenerating apparatus for a fuel cell having a cathode section containing a catholyte solution and wherein fuel cell reaction reduces the catholyte to gas and water. The apparatus includes means to conduct partially reduced water diluted catholyte from the fuel cell and means to conduct the gas from the fuel cell to a mixing means. An absorption tower containing a volume of gas absorbing liquid solvent receives the mixed together gas and diluted catholyte from the mixing means within the absorption column, the gas is absorbed by the solvent and the gas ladened solvent and diluted catholyte are commingled. A liquid transfer means conducts gas ladened commingled solvent and electrolyte from the absorption column to an air supply means wherein air is added and commingled therewith and a stoichiometric volume of oxygen from the air is absorbed thereby.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for supplying and circulating fresh electrolyte to and through the anode and ion exchange sections of a plurality of related air/metal fuel cells; preventing the flow of shunt currents through the electrolyte between the fuel cell sections; removing heat produced by fuel cell reaction from the electrolyte; removing solid byproducts of fuel cell reaction from the electrolyte; and reconstituting spent electrolyte. The system and apparatus commingles electrolyte with a hydrophobic liquid dielectric which has a specific gravity which is less than the specific gravity of the electrolyte and conducting the commingled liquids through small diameter conductors of dielectric material to the fuel cell sections. The liquid dielectric in the electrolytes and conductors maintain a current path in the electrolyte open and prevent the flow of shunt currents.

Abstract: A flat, laminated fuel cell gas electrode arranged between and separating gas and liquid mediums in a fuel cell.

Abstract: A primary fuel cell including an elongate case defining a central ion exchange compartment with opposite ends and containing a liquid ionolyte. The case next defines an anode section at one end of the case and including a gas compartment containing boron monoxide gas fuel, a liquid compartment between the gas compartment and the ion exchange compartment and containing a liquid anolyte. The ionolyte and anolyte are separated by a cationic membrane. The gas and liquid compartments are separated by an anode plate including an electron collector part, a catalyst material carried by said part and a gas permeable hydrophobic membrane between the boron monoxide gas and the catalyst material. The cell further includes a cathode section at the other end of the case defining a cathode fuel compartment containing a fluid cathode fuel and a cathode plate between and separating the cathode fuel and the ionolyte in the ion exchange compartment.

Abstract: A metal/gas fuel cell comprising an anode chamber filled with a base anolyte solution, a metallic anode plate immersed in the anolyte; an ion exchange chamber filled with a base ionolyte solution adjacent the anode chamber; a cationic membrane between the anode and ion exchange chambers separating the anolyte and ionolyte; a cathode plate adjacent the ion exchange chamber remote from the cationic membrane with one surface in contact with the ionolyte and another surface in contact with a cathode fuel gas. The cathode plate is a laminated structure including a layer of hydrophyllic material in contact with the ionolyte, a layer of gas permeable hydrophobic material in contact with the gas and a gas and liquid permeable current collector of inert material with catalytic surfaces within the layer of hydrophyllic material. The anode and cathode plates are connected with an external electric circuit which effects the flow of electrons from the anode plate to the cathode plate.

Abstract: A fuel cell which comprises a metal anode immersed in a base electrolyte solution and connected with an electric circuit, a cathode comprising an acid solution, a carbon catalyst and electron distributor plate in that solution and connected with an electron supply and a wettable fluid impermeable membrane and disposed between the electrolyte and cathode solution and establishing an acid-base reactor interface where hydroxyl ions are generated for conduction through the electrolyte to the anode.

Abstract: An improved fuel cell comprising an anode section including an anode terminal, an anode fuel, and an anolyte electrolyte, a cathode section including a cathode terminal, an electron distributor and a catholyte electrolyte, an ion exchange section between the anode and cathode sections and including an ionolyte electrolyte, ion transfer membranes separating the ionolyte from the anolyte and the catholyte and an electric circuit connected with and between the terminals conducting free electrons from the anode section and delivering free electrons to the cathode section, said ionolyte receives ions of one polarity moving from the anolyte through the membrane related thereto preventing chemical equilibrium in the anode section and sustaining chemical reaction and the generating of free electrons therein, said ions received by the ionolyte from the anolyte release different ions from the ionolyte which move through the membrane between the ionolyte and catholyte and which add to the catholyte.