Abstract: Method of reducing calcite formation from solubilized calcium forms in aqueous effluent streams, including the reduction or removal of solubilized forms of nickel, selenium, sulfate, and magnesium.

Abstract: Methods of treating leachates in rock piles. Exemplary leachates include neutral aqueous leachates containing selenates and nitrates, said leachates being found in waste rock piles from coal mining operations. In certain embodiments, the method includes introducing an inert gas to the lower section of the rock pile, and allowing bacteria indigenous to the mining site to reduce the selenates and nitrates to selenium and nitrogen, respectively.

Abstract: A method of reducing the mobility of metal contaminates in mediums such as soil, groundwater, sludge, etc. that involves contacting the mediums with a reagent that is a ferrous sulfide suspension that contains at least FeS and Al(OH)3. The reagent is produced by reacting a solution that contains at least NaAlO2 and NaOH with a solution that contains FeCl2, HCl and water to form a reaction mixture that contains Fe2+, Cl?, Na+, Al(OH)3 and H2O; and adding NaHS to the reaction mixture. The mobility of the metal contaminates is reduce by adsorption of the metal contaminates in the medium onto the surface of ferrous sulfide or Al(OH)3 in the ferrous sulfide suspension; adsorption of the metal contaminates in the medium onto iron (hydr)-oxides formed in the suspension; and precipitation of the metal contaminates.

Abstract: A wet gas scrubber liquor and method of using the same to remove mercury from flue gases. The wet gas scrubber liquid is an alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles that can be prepared by combining together a ferrous ion source such as ferrous chloride, a sulfide ion source such as sodium hydrosulfide and an alkalinity source such as sodium hydroxide. When used to scrub flue gases to remove mercury from flue gases the mercury reacts with said alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles and can be removed by at least one of: i) adsorption onto said ferrous sulfide particles; ii) adsorption onto iron (hydr)-oxides that form in said alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles; and iii) absorption by reacting with sulfur formed in alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles and forming mercuric sulfide as a precipitate.

Abstract: A ferrous sulfide suspension that includes at least FeSm and Al(OH)3 and which can be used to reduce mercury emissions in flue gases. Through a combination of complex chemical reactions, precipitation, co-precipitation, and surface adsorption the ferrous sulfide suspension of the present invention effectively removes mercury from gaseous streams while concurrently preventing mercury re-emission.

Abstract: A wet gas scrubber liquor and method of using the same to remove mercury from flue gases. The wet gas scrubber liquid is an alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles that can be prepared by combining together a ferrous ion source such as ferrous chloride, a sulfide ion source such as sodium hydrosulfide and an alkalinity source such as sodium hydroxide. When used to scrub flue gases to remove mercury from flue gases the mercury reacts with said alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles and can be removed by at least one of: i) adsorption onto said ferrous sulfide particles; ii) adsorption onto iron (hydr)-oxides that form in said alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles; and iii) absorption by reacting with sulfur formed in alkaline liquid suspension of ferrous sulfide particles and forming mercuric sulfide as a precipitate.

Abstract: A calcium-sodium polysulfide chemical reagent and methods for producing the reagent. The reagent is a blend of calcium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide that can be prepared using various types, sources and ratios of lime, elemental sulfur and sulfide ion using either virgin or waste materials. The reagent is amenable to inexpensive and high rate production methods at ambient or warmer temperatures. The reagent can be used to precipitate metals from wastewater, stabilize hexavalent chrome in hazardous waste residues, remove mercury from coal fired power plants, and as an electrolyte in large-scale bromide/polysulfide electrical storage batteries.

Abstract: A calcium-sodium polysulfide chemical reagent and methods for producing the reagent. The reagent is a blend of calcium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide that can be prepared using various types, sources and ratios of lime, elemental sulfur and sulfide ion using either virgin or waste materials. The reagent is amenable to inexpensive and high rate production methods at ambient or warmer temperatures. The reagent can be used to precipitate metals from wastewater, stabilize hexavalent chrome in hazardous waste residues, remove mercury from coal fired power plants, and as an electrolyte in large-scale bromide/polysulfide electrical storage batteries.

Abstract: A calcium-sodium polysulfide chemical reagent and methods for producing the reagent. The reagent is a blend of calcium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide that can be prepared using various types, sources and ratios of lime, elemental sulfur and sulfide ion using either virgin or waste materials. The reagent is amenable to inexpensive and high rate production methods at ambient or warmer temperatures.

Abstract: A calcium-sodium polysulfide chemical reagent and methods for producing the reagent. The reagent is a blend of calcium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide that can be prepared using various types, sources and ratios of lime, elemental sulfur and sulfide ion using either virgin or waste materials. The reagent is amenable to inexpensive and high rate production methods at ambient or warmer temperatures.

Abstract: A calcium-sodium polysulfide chemical reagent and methods for producing the reagent. The reagent is a blend of calcium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide that can be prepared using various types, sources and ratios of lime, elemental sulfur and sulfide ion using either virgin or waste materials. The reagent is amenable to inexpensive and high rate production methods at ambient or warmer temperatures. The reagent can be used to precipitate metals from wastewater, stabilize hexavalent chrome in hazardous waste residues, remove mercury from coal fired power plants, and as an electrolyte in large-scale bromide/polysulfide electrical storage batteries.

Abstract: A method of chemically stabilizing multivalent oxyanions in residue materials such as wastes from glass manufacturing facilities which method involves adding to the residue material cement, lime and aluminum sulfate to form a clay-like material having a low leachability and permeability to water. Calcium polysulfide or other sulfide bearing materials can also be added to assist in stabilizing multivalent oxyanions by adjusting the oxidation-reduction potential of the stabilized waste matrix.

Abstract: A portable gas removal system for withdrawing a flammable gas from a low pressure subterranean formation wherein the gas is aspirated from a well with water, the mixture of gas and water are introduced into a receiving chamber where the aspirated gas is stripped and mixed with air and an air-gas mixture is withdrawn having a gas concentration lower than the explosive limit.