Abstract: A fuel composition has a major portion of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range, at least 1,200 ppm by weight of a detergent, and at least 2,400 ppm by weight of a mineral carrier fluid. The detergent is a hydrocarbyl-substituted amine or polyamine having at least one basic nitrogen. The weight ratio of mineral carrier fluid to detergent of the fuel composition is at least 2:1. Preferably, the detergent is present at a concentration of at least 2,000 ppm by weight, and the weight ratio of mineral carrier fluid to detergent is at least 4:1. Preferably, the detergent is either a polybutene amine or a polybutene succinimide.

Abstract: A method of fluid catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon feed which for rapid separation of the fluid catalytic cracking catalyst from the mixture of gases and products, utilizes a U-turn inertial separator directly coupled to cyclone separation.

Abstract: A buoyed flapper valve comprises a flapper which is capable of closing an exit of a dipleg or standpipe, which is also connected to a counterweight and a float. The float has sufficient buoyancy to as to overcome the weight of the counterweight when the valve is submerged in a bed of particulate material. The flapper valve is preferably employed as a dipleg check valve within a reactor, e.g., a riser reactor system, and can be used under a variety of operating conditions including both submerged and non-submerged operating conditions.