Abstract: An apparatus for low-temperature NOx-reduction is disclosed, which is useful in boiler installations used at electric-generating plants. The apparatus employs one or a plurality of moving-bed reactors wherein a moving bed of common base-metal catalyst is used for selective catalytic reduction of NOx present in flue gas. The moving bed permits continuous introduction of fresh or regenerated catalyst, thus obviating the conventional problems of sulfur-poisoning and consequent reduction in catalytic activity with such catalysts. Due to the lower activation energies of such catalysts, an SCR utilizing the moving-bed reactors disclosed herein can be located downstream of the air heater, further improving electric-generating efficiency. Methods for low-temperature NOx reduction are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for analyzing the quality of combustion in the vicinity of the over fire zone of a combustion system includes at least one lens assembly mounted to a wall of the combustion system in the vicinity of the over fire zone. One or more photo-detectors are used to measure the intensity of light emitted in the over fire zone. A data acquisition system is connected to the photo-detector assembly via a communication link and includes an analog-to-digital converter and data buffering device for converting the light signals to digital signals. A computer analyzes the digital signals with linear and nonlinear signal analysis techniques.

Abstract: An apparatus for low-temperature NOx-reduction is disclosed, which is useful in boiler installations used at electric-generating plants. The apparatus employs one or a plurality of moving-bed reactors wherein a moving bed of common base-metal catalyst is used for selective catalytic reduction of NOx present in flue gas. The moving bed permits continuous introduction of fresh or regenerated catalyst, thus obviating the conventional problems of sulfur-poisoning and consequent reduction in catalytic activity with such catalysts. Due to the lower activation energies of such catalysts, an SCR utilizing the moving-bed reactors disclosed herein can be located downstream of the air heater, further improving electric-generating efficiency. Methods for low-temperature NOx reduction are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods for cyclone boiler flame diagnostics and control, including methods for monitoring the operating state of a cyclone furnace using linear and nonlinear signal analysis techniques, including temporal irreversibility and symbol sequence. Adjustments may be made in the air flow distribution to optimize performance. Signals for the main flame and lighter scanners are relatively independent, thereby allowing for independent control of the primary air flow to the burner and secondary air flow to the barrel.

Abstract: Methods for cyclone boiler flame diagnostics and control, including methods for monitoring the operating state of a cyclone furnace using linear and nonlinear signal analysis techniques, including temporal irreversibility and symbol sequence. Adjustments may be made in the air flow distribution to optimize performance. Signals for the main flame and lighter scanners are relatively independent, thereby allowing for independent control of the primary air flow to the burner and secondary air flow to the barrel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. Ideally, the source of these sulfide ions may include at least one of: sulfidic waste water, kraft caustic liquor, kraft carbonate liquor, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and thioacetamide. The sulfide ion source is introduced into the scrubbing liquor as an aqueous sulfide species. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: Chlorine and sulfide species are separately introduced to a flue gas passing through a scrubber in order to remove the elemental and oxidized mercury from the gas through the precipitation of mercuric sulfide at near 100% efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. Ideally, the source of these sulfide ions may include at least one of: sulfidic waste water, kraft caustic liquor, kraft carbonate liquor, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and thioacetamide. The sulfide ion source is introduced into the scrubbing liquor as an aqueous sulfide species. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: Chlorine and sulfide species are separately introduced to a flue gas passing through a scrubber in order to remove the elemental and oxidized mercury from the gas through the precipitation of mercuric sulfide at near 100% efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems. The present invention uses kraft green liquor as a source for hydrogen sulfide and/or the injection of mineral acids into the green liquor to release vaporous hydrogen sulfide in order to form mercury sulfide solids.

Abstract: A coal-water slurry liquid fuel or coal or other liquid fuel is atomized for combustion in the reburn zone of a boiler with a relatively small addition of natural gas to produce NO.sub.x reductions comparable to the reburn effect of natural gas alone as well as a more uniform temperature profile in the upper combustion zone of the boiler.

Abstract: An integrated flue gas treatment condensing heat exchanger having a particle charger located upstream of the second stage heat exchanger of the system for improved cleaning of flue gas and increased removal of fine particulate matter.

Abstract: An asymmetrical, or non-uniform arrangement of heat exchanging tubes in a second stage heat exchanger of an integrated flue gas treatment system provides improved flow characteristics and reduces or eliminates flooding caused by the counter-flow of upwardly rising flue gases and downwardly falling reagent and condensate through the heat exchanging tubes. The non-uniform spacing produces a non-uniform velocity profile with at least one low velocity region in each row, allowing reagent and condensate to drain downward at said low velocity region, thereby preventing high gas phase pressure drop caused by the onset of flooding. Embodiments are provided in which one of every six tubes are removed from each row in a uniform array of tubes, or one of every four tubes are removed from each row in a uniform array of tubes. Other asymmetrical, or non-uniform spacings are possible.

Abstract: An integrated flue gas treatment condensing heat exchanger having a particle charger located upstream of the second stage heat exchanger of the system for improved cleaning of flue gas and increased removal of fine particulate matter.

Abstract: A dual-fluid low pressure drop atomizer utilizes extended wear life material and comprises a nozzle head having a secondary mix chamber therein for receiving a mixture of a first compressible fluid and a second fluid containing solids from a primary mix chamber. The nozzle head also has an orifice therein communicating with and adjacent to the secondary mix chamber for discharging a jet of the mixture. The orifice and the secondary mix chamber form an approximate right angle therebetween. An inner barrel is connected to the nozzle head at the primary mix chamber and supplies the first fluid to the nozzle head. An outer barrel is arranged around the inner barrel creating an annulus therebetween and is also connected to the nozzle head for supplying the second fluid to the nozzle head. Wear resistant material provided in the primary and secondary mix chambers reduces erosion within the atomizer head.

Abstract: A dual-fluid low pressure drop atomizer utilizes extended wear life material and comprises a nozzle head having a chamber therein for receiving a mixture of a first compressible fluid and a second fluid containing solids. The nozzle head also has an orifice therein communicating with and adjacent to the mix chamber for discharging jets of the mixture. The orifice and the mix chamber form an approximate right angle therebetween. An inner barrel is connected to the nozzle head at the mix chamber and supplies the first fluid to the nozzle head. An outer barrel is arranged around the inner barrel creating an annulus therebetween and is also connected to the nozzle head for supplying the second fluid to the nozzle head. Wear resistant material provided in the mix chamber reduces erosion within the atomizer head. A plurality of ports are provided in the nozzle head and communicate with the orifice for discharging a jet at a multiplicity of locations.

Abstract: An atomizer for atomizing a high solids soil paste containing pebbles or agglomerates includes an inner conduit for channeling the paste and an outer conduit surrounding the inner conduit whereby the outer conduit and the inner conduit define an annular space therebetween in which a flow of compressed air is channeled in the space. The inner conduit and the outer conduit have a discharge end which is connected to a discharge spraying head made of a wear-resistant and a high temperature-resistant material such as tungsten carbide. The spraying head has three walls which accommodate a flow plate which is connected at the top of the first wall and third wall for defining a rectangular opening of the spraying head. The flow plate has two air passages cut therethrough, which are also rectangular, which channel air from the annular space into the spraying head for dispersing the soil paste into an atomized spray which is discharged out of the opening.

Abstract: An atomizer for discharging a jet of one fluid in another fluid, comprises a nozzle head having at least one nozzle hole therein for discharging the jet. The nozzle hole has an inwardly tapering inlet end and an outwardly tapering outlet end for reducing recirculation and wetting at the exit of the hole. The outlet end tapers at an angle of no greater than 14.degree. and the inlet end is advantageously curved at a radius which is from 2 to 10 times the diameter of the inlet end. The diameter inlet end should also be from 1 to 5 times the length of the hole.