Abstract: A method includes obtaining a baseline blood pressure at an initial time window; estimating a plurality of intermediate blood pressure change estimates, the intermediate blood pressure change estimates correspond to respective time windows that are subsequent to the initial time window; estimating a final blood pressure change estimate between the initial and final time windows; and obtaining the blood pressure by adding the baseline blood pressure to the final blood pressure change estimate. Estimating the final blood pressure includes estimating a first blood pressure change between the initial time window and the final time window; estimating a plurality of second blood pressure changes, each second blood pressure change is between a respective time window of the respective time windows and the final time window; and estimating the final blood pressure change estimate as a combination of the first blood pressure change and the plurality of second blood pressure changes.

Abstract: Assessing a blood pressure of a user includes obtaining photoplethysmogram (PPG)-related signals of the user; inputting the PPG-related signals to layers of a deep-learning (DL) model, where the layers exclude an output layer; obtaining, from the layers of the DL model, features related to blood pressure; inputting to a machine-learning (ML) model the obtained features, where the ML model is different from the DL model; and obtaining, as an output of the ML model, the blood pressure of the user.

Abstract: A method includes obtaining a baseline blood pressure at an initial time window; estimating a plurality of intermediate blood pressure change estimates, the intermediate blood pressure change estimates correspond to respective time windows that are subsequent to the initial time window; estimating a final blood pressure change estimate between the initial and final time windows; and obtaining the blood pressure by adding the baseline blood pressure to the final blood pressure change estimate. Estimating the final blood pressure includes estimating a first blood pressure change between the initial time window and the final time window; estimating a plurality of second blood pressure changes, each second blood pressure change is between a respective time window of the respective time windows and the final time window; and estimating the final blood pressure change estimate as a combination of the first blood pressure change and the plurality of second blood pressure changes.