Abstract: The present invention provides fixation devices, locking assemblies, and methods for using the same. The fixation devices of the invention are capable of accurate insertion of medical devices by providing detection means of a patient's internal anatomy and localizing a desired target. The devices are capable of locking into position to maintain accuracy.

Abstract: The present invention provides fixation devices, locking assemblies, and methods for using the same. The fixation devices of the invention are capable of accurate insertion of medical devices by providing detection means of a patient's internal anatomy and localizing a desired target. The devices are capable of locking into position to maintain accuracy.

Abstract: The device can include a first member connected to a second member via junctions. The members can be statically or pivotally connected at the junctions via arms extending from cross-beams of the members. The junctions can be configured to provide a biasing force. Methods of using the device may include collapsing the device and inserting it through an incision, allowing the biasing force to cause continuous traction and counter-traction adjacent to a leading dissection edge so that retraction of the skin from the tissue can be facilitated during a surgical procedure.

Abstract: The device can include a first member connected to a second member via junctions. The members can be statically or pivotally connected at the junctions via arms extending from cross-beams of the members. The junctions can be configured to provide a biasing force. Methods of using the device may include collapsing the device and inserting it through an incision, allowing the biasing force to cause continuous traction and counter-traction adjacent to a leading dissection edge so that retraction of the skin from the tissue can be facilitated during a surgical procedure.

Abstract: The present invention provides fixation devices, locking assemblies, and methods for using the same. The fixation devices of the invention are capable of accurate insertion of medical devices by providing detection means of a patient's internal anatomy and localizing a desired target. The devices are capable of locking into position to maintain accuracy.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for minimally invasive surgery. The apparatus can comprise a tool which includes a multi-functioning end effector for insertion into a patient, a user control adapted for use by the surgeon external of the patient, and an intermediate section between the end effector and the user control to translate control instructions from the user control through an actuating mechanism to operate the end effector in one of at least two different functioning states. No instrument exchange is necessary to change between states. The actuation mechanism could be a manually operated mechanical mechanism. Alternatively, it could be partially or fully electromechanical or electrical or electronic. According to one aspect, the end effector is a rigid link mechanism. According to another aspect, the end effector could be a compliant mechanism, at least in part.

Abstract: A training apparatus presents a virtual environment to a user and allows the user to interact with the virtual environment. The training apparatus includes a base, an interface and a tool. The base has a storage device and a central processing unit. The interface may provide haptic feedback responsive to interaction between the user and the virtual environment. The tool is operatively coupled to the interface, by which the user interacts with the virtual environment, and through which haptic feedback may be provided to the user from the interface. The tool has storage for software code that forms an application defining the virtual environment.

Abstract: A computer-based learning environment automatically increases (or decreases) difficulty in tasks without discrete levels based on performance, thereby maintaining users in an optimal learning “zone,” while accommodating varying levels of skill without frustration or boredom. The method includes the steps of specifying a task to be performed in conjunction with an object; displaying the object in the environment for a predetermined period of time; and modifying the display as a function of the user's ability to complete the task in the predetermined period of time. According to one preferred embodiment, the step of modifying the display includes adjusting the predetermined period of time during which the object is displayed. According to a different preferred embodiment, the step of modifying the display includes changing the size of the object as a function of the user's ability to complete the task.