Abstract: Various techniques are provided for receiving, by a base station (BS) from a user equipment (UE), a communication including a feature vector, storing, by the BS, a dataset including one or more feature vectors associated with the UE, communicating, by the BS to a network device, the dataset associated with the UE, receiving, by the BS from the network device, a machine learning (ML) model, the ML model being trained, using the dataset, to detect UE orientation, and communicating, by the BS to the UE, the trained ML model.

Abstract: There are provided measures for enablement of federated machine learning for terminals to improve their machine learning capabilities. Such measures exemplarily comprise, at a terminal, receiving a configuration indicative of an instruction to participate in federated learning of a global machine learning model, the configuration including timing information related to said federated learning, and performing, based on said configuration, a machine learning process based on undertaken network performance related measurements, wherein said timing information includes a time limit with respect to a local machine learning model resulting from said machine learning process, and said time limit is a specification of a moment in time by when said local machine learning model is to be completed or a specification of a moment in time by when transmission of said local machine learning model is to be completed, and wherein said configuration is a minimization of drive tests configuration.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising means for receiving, by an integrated access backhaul node from an integrated access backhaul donor, information for limiting re-routing of data packets over one or more wireless backhaul connections of an integrated access backhaul network; means for receiving, by the integrated access backhaul node, at least one data packet over a first wireless backhaul connection from an originating integrated access backhaul node; means for re-routing, by the integrated access backhaul node, the received at least one data packet over a second wireless backhaul connection based on the received information for limiting re-routing.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising means for receiving, by an integrated access backhaul node from an integrated access backhaul donor, information for limiting re-routing of data packets over one or more wireless backhaul connections of an integrated access backhaul network; means for receiving, by the integrated access backhaul node, at least one data packet over a first wireless backhaul connection from an originating integrated access backhaul node; means for re-routing, by the integrated access backhaul node, the received at least one data packet over a second wireless backhaul connection based on the received information for limiting re-routing.

Abstract: An inter-system interference estimation method is disclosed for both primary and secondary radio systems. In the case of a primary system (such as a GSM system), inter-system interference estimation is based on a comparison of cell level measurement statistics before and after secondary spectrum usage in neighboring cells. In the case of a secondary system (such as an LTE system), inter-system interference estimation is based on a measurement on secondary spectrum before starting transmission on the secondary spectrum. Based on both of the above mentioned inter-system inter-cell interference estimations, a cell-level decision on the secondary spectrum usage is made, and optimization of radio resource allocation inside the systems may be carried out.

Abstract: An inter-system interference estimation method is disclosed for both primary and secondary radio systems. In the case of a primary system (such as a GSM system), inter-system interference estimation is based on a comparison of cell level measurement statistics before and after secondary spectrum usage in neighbouring cells. In the case of a secondary system (such as an LTE system), inter-system interference estimation is based on a measurement on secondary spectrum before starting transmission on the secondary spectrum. Based on both of the above mentioned inter-system inter-cell interference estimations, a cell-level decision on the secondary spectrum usage is made, and optimization of radio resource allocation inside the systems may be carried out.