Abstract: A time domain reflectometry measurement apparatus and method is provided. Measurement data of a time domain reflectometry measurement are analyzed with respect to previously acquired empirical measurement data of error-free or faulty devices with known failures. In this way, failures can be identified in the device under test without the need of opening the device.

Abstract: A time domain reflectometry measurement apparatus and method is provided. Measurement data of a time domain reflectometry measurement are analyzed with respect to previously acquired empirical measurement data of error-free or faulty devices with known failures. In this way, failures can be identified in the device under test without the need of opening the device.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for squelch gating a receiving signal depending on the level of phase noise in said receiving signal determines sampled amplitudes and sampled phases of said receiving signal, determines sampled phase noise by differentiating subsequent sampled phases, determines a squelch signal by rectifying and averaging said sampled phase noise, determines a start point of gating after a rising of said squelch signal above a higher threshold delayed by a first delay time, determines a end point of gating after a dropping of said squelch signal below a lower threshold delayed by a second delay time and gates said sampled amplitudes from said start point of gating until said end point of gating.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for leveling an increasing or decreasing slope of an AM modulated receiving signal attenuate the AM modulated receiving signal with an attenuation curve with a stepwise slope corresponding to the increasing or decreasing slope of said AM modulated receiving signal, filters the attenuated AM modulated receiving signal within AM-demodulation with a lowpass infinite-impulse-response filter of at least second order and increases the level of each delay-unit's output signal of the infinite-impulse-response filter each time a step in the attenuated AM modulated receiving signal arrives at the input of said infinite-impulse-response filter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus (1) for measuring peak pulses of a radio frequency input signal (RFinput) comprises mixing means for mixing the radio frequency input signal (RFinput) with a local oscillator signal (LO) in order to convert the radio frequency input signal (RFinput) directly to zero centre frequency thereby suppressing frequency components in a range close to zero frequency. Control means (20) control the frequency (fLO) of the local oscillator signal (LO) in a manner that a first measurement is performed in a first frequency range and that a second measurement is performed in a second frequency range shifted from the first frequency range.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for leveling an increasing or decreasing slope of an AM modulated receiving signal attenuate the AM modulated receiving signal with an attenuation curve with a stepwise slope corresponding to the increasing or decreasing slope of said AM modulated receiving signal, filters the attenuated AM modulated receiving signal within AM-demodulation with a lowpass infinite-impulse-response filter of at least second order and increases the level of each delay-unit's output signal of the infinite-impulse-response filter each time a step in the attenuated AM modulated receiving signal arrives at the input of said infinite-impulse-response filter.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for squelch gating a receiving signal depending on the level of phase noise in said receiving signal determines sampled amplitudes and sampled phases of said receiving signal, determines sampled phase noise by differentiating subsequent sampled phases, determines a squelch signal by rectifying and averaging said sampled phase noise, determines a start point of gating after a rising of said squelch signal above a higher threshold delayed by a first delay time, determines a end point of gating after a dropping of said squelch signal below a lower threshold delayed by a second delay time and gates said sampled amplitudes from said start point of gating until said end point of gating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing a spectrum of an input signal (?(t)) having at least one line with a center frequency ({circumflex over (?)}x) at the center of the line includes: a mixer for zero-mixing the input signal (?(t)) to produce a base band signal (z(t)) by sweeping a local oscillator frequency (?s) generated by a local oscillator, a resolution filter for filtering the base band signal (z(t)) to produce a filtered base band signal (y(t) ), and an envelope reconstruction means for reconstructing the envelope (E(?)) of the spectrum of the input signal (?(t)) by using an estimated amplitude (?x) at an estimated center frequency ({circumflex over (?)}x) of each line of the input signal (?(t)). Further, only the real component (I) of the base band signal (z(t)) is filtered with the resolution filter and the imaginary component (Q) is generated from the filtered base band signal (y(t)) by performing a Hilbert transform in a Hilbert filter arranged downstream of the resolution filter.

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for analyzing a spectrum of an input signal (x(t)) having at least one line with a center frequency (@s) comprises a mixer (2) for zero-mixing the input signal (x(t)) to produce a base band signal (z(t)) by sweeping a local oscillator frequency (@s) generated by a local oscillator (3) and a resolution filter (4) for filtering the base band signal (z(t)) to produce a filtered base band signal (y(t)). Detector means (7) detects the time of occurrence (ti), the duration (?Ti) and the maximum value (y?i) of several halfwaves of the filtered base band signal (y(t)). Envelope reconstruction means (6) reconstructs the envelope (E(@)) of the spectrum of the input signal (x(t)) by using an estimated amplitude at an estimated center frequency of each line of the input signal (x(t)).

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for analyzing a spectrum of an input signal (x(t)) having at least one line with a center frequency (?x) at the center of the line comprises: a mixer (2) for zero-mixing the input signal (x(t)) to produce a base band signal (z(t)) by sweeping a local oscillator frequency (?s) generated by a local oscillator (3), a resolution filter (4) for filtering the base band signal (z(t)) to produce a filtered base band signal (y(t)) and envelope reconstruction means (27) for reconstructing the envelope (E(?)) of the spectrum of the input signal (x(t)) by using an estimated amplitude (?x) at an estimated center frequency ({circumflex over (?)}x) of each line of the input signal (x(t)). Only the reel component (I) of the base band signal (z(t)) is filtered with the resolution filter (4) and the imaginary component (Q) is generated from the filtered base band signal (y(t) by performing a Hilbert transform in a Hilbert filter (21) arranged downstream of the resolution filter (4).

Abstract: A quasi-peak detector (1) for detecting the weighted peak value (quasi peak) of the envelope of a signal (Sin) comprises a digital charging and discharging filter (11) which simulates the process of charging and discharging a capacitor (C1). The digital charging and discharging filter (11) simulates charging through an inductor (L1).

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for a measuring device and to a measuring device. The inventive module for a measuring device is provided with a plug-in contact element for the electrical contact of the plug-and-socket plate of the measuring device which is used for data transfer. Said module for the measuring device comprises a main circuit card arranged in the first circuit card space. Said first circuit card space is formed by at least one first element of the body which encompasses the circuit card in a closed manner on the level of the external periphery thereof.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus (1) for measuring peak pulses of a radio frequency input signal (RFinput) comprises mixing means for mixing the radio frequency input signal (RFinput) with a local oscillator signal (LO) in order to convert the radio frequency input signal (RFinput) directly to zero centre frequency thereby suppressing frequency components in a range close to zero frequency. Control means (20) control the frequency (fLO) of the local oscillator signal (LO) in a manner that a first measurement is performed in a first frequency range and that a second measurement is performed in a second frequency range shifted from the first frequency range.

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for analyzing a spectrum of an input signal (x(t)) having at least one line with a center frequency (@s) comprises a mixer (2) for zero-mixing the input signal (x(t)) to produce a base band signal (z(t)) by sweeping a local oscillator frequency (@s) generated by a local oscillator (3) and a resolution filter (4) for filtering the base band signal (z(t)) to produce a filtered base band signal (y(t)). Detector means (7) detects the time of occurrence (ti), the duration (&Dgr;Ti) and the maximum value (y′i) of several halfwaves of the filtered base band signal (y(t)). Envelope reconstruction means (6) reconstructs the envelope (E(@)) of the spectrum of the input signal (x(t)) by using an estimated amplitude at an estimated center frequency of each line of the input signal (x(t)).

Abstract: A method of making a commutator ring (2) for a commutator, which is provided with a plurality of commutator segments (7) with connection lugs (10) and anchoring means (44) and which is cold-formed by reduction and gauging in a single manufacturing step of a forming apparatus from a blank (1) with preformed segmental grooves (6) and a flange (4) which can subsequently be made into connection lugs. The forming apparatus is provided with a single or multi-stage, single or multi-part die. The blank is pressed against the die by radially disposed slides (39, 59) of the apparatus which are adjacent each commutator segment (7) and connection lug (10). Finally, during retraction of the die from the blank, the anchoring means (44) are formed on the commutator segments by a gauging apparatus being drawn through the tubular blank to "mushroom" inner teeth of the blank and shape them to form dovetail shaped anchors in a commutator hub sleeve.