Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program embodiments are disclosed for collateralizing and investing in synthetically denominated debt instruments. In an embodiment, a debt security is first issued in a first entity and denominated in a first currency local to the first entity. A currency swap on the debt security is issued, which specifies exchange of cash flows in the first currency for cash flows in a second currency local to the second entity. A synthetically denominated debt instrument is then created that is a combination of the debt security and the currency swap. In an embodiment, the synthetically denominated debt instrument is delivered to a depositary bank in the second entity. A depositary receipt representing the synthetically denominated debt instrument is issued in the second entity to an investor in the synthetically denominated debt instrument. Collateral assets are posted in the second entity and attached to the depositary receipt.

Abstract: A banking system for emerging market countries which includes a central flow control apparatus or system, is disclosed. The central flow control apparatus permits securitization of future flows receivables of two or more banks within an emerging market country. The central flow control apparatus may include an interface layer, an applications layer, and a presentation layer. The banking system may be comprised of a first bank account directly owned by a first emerging market bank and a second bank account which is owned by a trust (or other special purpose legal entity), wherein the emerging market bank is the beneficiary of the trust. The first bank account and the second bank account are bank accounts of a first international correspondent bank. The first bank account would typically be an onshore account which can be controlled by actions of a first emerging market government of the first emerging market country.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the issuance of low-risk debt securities, referred to as LITE Securities, in exchange for high-risk debt securities which have been issued by an emerging-market sovereign government in the global capital market and which have been purchased by an investor which resides in the sovereign government's country. Investment in LITE Securities result in little or no loss of market liquidity for the investor compared to the market liquidity of the original high-risk debt securities despite the LITE Securities itself being less liquid. The systems and methods for the servicing of the LITE Securities are convenient for the issuer as no new debt securities will need to be serviced. The systems and methods disclosed also allow resident institutional investors such as banks to more efficiently use regulatory capital against debt issued by its own sovereign, as prescribed by the international bank capital standards known as the Basel Accord.

Abstract: A banking system for emerging market countries which includes a central flow control apparatus or system, is disclosed. The central flow control apparatus may include an interface layer, an applications layer, and a presentation layer. The banking system may be comprised of a first bank account directly owned by a first emerging market bank and a second bank account which is owned by a trust (or other special purpose legal entity), wherein the emerging market bank is the beneficiary of the trust. The first bank account and the second bank account are bank accounts of a first international correspondent bank. The first bank account would typically be an on shore account which can be controlled by actions of a first emerging market government of the first emerging market country. The second bank account would typically be an off shore account which can not be controlled by actions of the first emerging market government of the first emerging market country.

Abstract: A banking system for emerging market countries which includes a central flow control apparatus or system, is disclosed. The central flow control apparatus permits securitization of future flows receivables of two or more banks within an emerging market country. The central flow control apparatus may include an interface layer, an applications layer, and a presentation layer. The banking system may be comprised of a first bank account directly owned by a first emerging market bank and a second bank account which is owned by a trust (or other special purpose legal entity), wherein the emerging market bank is the beneficiary of the trust. The first bank account and the second bank account are bank accounts of a first international correspondent bank. The first bank account would typically be an onshore account which can be controlled by actions of a first emerging market government of the first emerging market country.

Abstract: A banking system for emerging market countries which includes a central flow control apparatus or system, is disclosed. The central flow control apparatus permits securitization of future flows receivables of two or more banks within an emerging market country. The central flow control apparatus may include an interface layer, an applications layer, and a presentation layer. The banking system may be comprised of a first bank account directly owned by a first emerging market bank and a second bank account which is owned by a trust (or other special purpose legal entity), wherein the emerging market bank is the beneficiary of the trust. The first bank account and the second bank account are bank accounts of a first international correspondent bank. The first bank account would typically be an onshore account which can be controlled by actions of a first emerging market government of the first emerging market country.

Abstract: A banking system for emerging market countries which includes a central flow control apparatus or system, is disclosed. The central flow control apparatus may include an interface layer, an applications layer, and a presentation layer. The banking system may be comprised of a first bank account directly owned by a first emerging market bank and a second bank account which is owned by a trust (or other special purpose legal entity), wherein the emerging market bank is the beneficiary of the trust. The first bank account and the second bank account are bank accounts of a first international correspondent bank. The first bank account would typically be an on shore account which can be controlled by actions of a first emerging market government of the first emerging market country. The second bank account would typically be an off shore account which can not be controlled by actions of the first emerging market government of the first emerging market country.