Abstract: Misaligned bones on opposite sides of a joint are aligned using a first rigid extension securable to one of the misaligned bones using a particular surgical approach, and a second rigid extension having a contacting surface positionable in contact with the other the two misaligned bones from the same surgical approach. The first and second rigid extensions are moved with respect to each other using a lever, whereby a pulling force is exerted on one of the bones, and a pushing force on the other, thereby aligning the first and second misaligned bones.

Abstract: Unique physical unclonable function objects are created by molding pre-magnetized or post-magnetized particles into a resin. The particles form a unique physical “fingerprint” based on the random particle size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle density, etc. This invention addresses devices for accurately measuring the physical fingerprint of a PUF, specifically including the X, Y, & Z components of the magnetic field at enough discrete points on the PUF to allow a confident recognition of the identification. A handheld wand is described for measuring the magnetic field along an arbitrary path.

Abstract: The use of a magnetic particle based “PUF” (Physically Unclonable Function) disk, when read by magnetic sensor(s), as a positional encoder is described. It is often necessary to include a linear or rotary encoder within a device for tracking motor movements, or to enable a closed-loop control algorithm on the motor system. These randomly dispersed magnetic particle disks can be used as a positional encoder, where the speed of movement and the direction of movement may be monitored.

Abstract: A physically unclonable function is an object that has characteristics that make it extremely difficult or impossible to copy. An array of randomly dispersed hard (magnetized) and soft (non-magnetized) magnetic particles that may be conducting or nonconducting that are disbursed in a binder create a particular magnetic field or capacitive pattern on the surface. This surface magnetic field and capacitive variations can be considered to be a unique pattern similar to fingerprint. The Hall effect prism is a sensor that measures the effects of these patterns by sensing the deformation of currents or electric potential flowing within or around a resistive substrate material that exhibits a substantial Hall effect coefficient.

Abstract: A physically unclonable function is an object that has characteristics that make it extremely difficult or impossible to copy. An array of randomly dispersed hard (magnetized) and soft (non-magnetized) magnetic particles that may be conducting or nonconducting that are disbursed in a binder create a particular magnetic field or capacitive pattern on the surface. This surface magnetic field and capacitive variations can be considered to be a unique pattern similar to fingerprint. The Hall effect prism is a sensor that measures the effects of these patterns by sensing the deformation of currents or electric potential flowing within or around a resistive substrate material that exhibits a substantial Hall effect coefficient.

Abstract: Unique Physical Unclonable (PUF) function objects may be created by molding or extruding specialized particles creating a measurable physical characteristic over a surface. The magnetized particles form a unique measurable magnetic “fingerprint” based on the random size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle density, etc., of the particles. PUF objects may also vary in other physical characteristics by having a mixture of magnetic, conductive (magnetic or nonmagnetic), optically reflective or shaped, varied densities or mechanical properties resulting in random reflection, diffusion, or absorption of acoustical energy particles in a matrix or binder. The present invention envisions sensing any of the characteristics.

Abstract: Unique Physical Unclonable (PUF) function objects may be created by molding or extruding specialized particles creating a measurable physical characteristic over a surface. The magnetized particles form a unique measurable magnetic “fingerprint” based on the random size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle density, etc., of the particles. PUF objects may also vary in other physical characteristics by having a mixture of magnetic, conductive (magnetic or nonmagnetic), optically reflective or shaped, varied densities or mechanical properties resulting in random reflection, diffusion, or absorption of acoustical energy particles in a matrix or binder. The present invention envisions sensing any of the characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention is a diverse acoustical object containing a range of particles that have acoustical wave impedances that are substantially different from the binder. The particles create a substantially different reflection as an acoustic wave is scattered by the particles. A negative reflection is created when the scattered wave is from a particle that has a wave impedance that is substantially less than the binder impedance. Practically, it may be necessary to encase this material in a thin material that will withstand the fabrication process (e.g., air or silicone elastomer could be encased in glass). If the wavelength is large compared to the encasing material thickness, then the reflection will be more dependent on the interior material. A mixture of materials that generate positive as well as negative reflections within the binder would add to the complexity of the PUF.

Abstract: Magnetic PUFs (Physical Unclonable Function) may utilizes a single 3-axis Hall-effect sensor for enrollment. When a PUF is manufactured, a Hall-effect sensor is used to model the PUF disk and store that data where it may be accessed. This process is called “enrollment.” This invention improves upon the PUF implementation by introducing controlled variability into the enrollment, the reading of the PUF data from the Hall-effect sensors (the number and position of read sensors), the sampling method of the read sensor(s), and the processing of the PUF data.

Abstract: A physical unclonable function (“PUF”) object can be used to encode the geography or region in which device to which the PUF is attached may operate. Disclosed are two potential ways to regionalize a device using a PUF disk: placing the magnetic sensor at a different radius depending on the region or geography intended for sale; and altering the magnetic structure of the disk to magnetically encode the region into the sensor data.

Abstract: Magnetic PUFs (Physical Unclonable Function) may utilizes a single 3-axis Hall-effect sensor for enrollment. When a PUF is manufactured, a Hall-effect sensor is used to model the PUF disk and store that data where it may be accessed. This process is called “enrollment.” This invention improves upon the PUF implementation by introducing controlled variability into the enrollment, the reading of the PUF data from the Hall-effect sensors (the number and position of read sensors), the sampling method of the read sensor(s), and the processing of the PUF data.

Abstract: The use of a magnetic particle based “PUF” (Physically Unclonable Function) disk, when read by magnetic sensor(s), as a positional encoder is described. It is often necessary to include a linear or rotary encoder within a device for tracking motor movements, or to enable a closed-loop control algorithm on the motor system. These randomly dispersed magnetic particle disks can be used as a positional encoder, where the speed of movement and the direction of movement may be monitored.

Abstract: A physical unclonable function (“PUF”) object can be used to encode the geography or region in which device to which the PUF is attached may operate. Disclosed are two potential ways to regionalize a device using a PUF disk: placing the magnetic sensor at a different radius depending on the region or geography intended for sale; and altering the magnetic structure of the disk to magnetically encode the region into the sensor data.

Abstract: The present invention is a diverse acoustical object containing a range of particles that have acoustical wave impedances that are substantially different from the binder. The particles create a substantially different reflection as an acoustic wave is scattered by the particles. A negative reflection is created when the scattered wave is from a particle that has a wave impedance that is substantially less than the binder impedance. Practically, it may be necessary to encase this material in a thin material that will withstand the fabrication process (e.g., air or silicone elastomer could be encased in glass). If the wavelength is large compared to the encasing material thickness, then the reflection will be more dependent on the interior material. A mixture of materials that generate positive as well as negative reflections within the binder would add to the complexity of the PUF.

Abstract: Unique physical unclonable function objects are created by molding pre-magnetized or post-magnetized particles into a resin. The particles form a unique physical “fingerprint” based on the random particle size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle density, etc. This invention addresses devices for accurately measuring the physical fingerprint of a PUF, specifically including the X, Y, & Z components of the magnetic field at enough discrete points on the PUF to allow a confident recognition of the identification. A structural element to which a PUF tag is affixed is described that may be used to scan the PUF tag with a smartphone magnetometer by swiping the structural element along the side of the phone and controlling the position of the PUF tag with guides.

Abstract: Unique Physical Unclonable (PUF) function objects may be created by molding or extruding specialized particles creating a measurable physical characteristic over a surface. The magnetized particles form a unique measurable magnetic “fingerprint” based on the random size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle density, etc., of the particles. PUF objects may also vary in other physical characteristics by having a mixture of magnetic, conductive (magnetic or nonmagnetic), optically reflective or shaped, varied densities or mechanical properties resulting in random reflection, diffusion, or absorption of acoustical energy particles in a matrix or binder. The present invention envisions sensing any of the characteristics.