Abstract: A method of determining the presence of bacteria expressing cytochrome c oxidase (‘the bacteria’), the method comprising: —providing a sample suspected of containing the bacteria; —providing a compound that has two redox states: a reduced state and an oxidised state, wherein cytochrome c oxidase can convert the compound from its reduced state to its oxidised state; —contacting an electrode either with (i) the compound in its oxidised state in the presence of the sample, then applying a reductive potential and measuring the current at the electrode; or (ii) the compound in its reduced state in the presence of the sample, then applying an oxidative potential and measuring the current at the electrode; and—comparing the magnitude of the current produced by the reductive potential or oxidative potential in the presence of the sample suspected of containing the bacteria with the magnitude of the current produced under the same conditions, but in the absence of the sample suspected of containing the bacteria, where

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a coated, substrate for use as an electrode, the coated substrate comprising a substrate that is at least partially coated with a layer comprising a polymer and a redox active substance, wherein the polymer is a cation exchange polymer, and wherein the redox active substance is present in both an oxidised and reduced state. A method for making the isolated coated substrate, and an electrochemical apparatus using the electrode as a reference electrode, is also discussed herein.

Abstract: Herein is disclosed a method for detecting a material comprising a thiol group (e.g. homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione) in a sample, the method comprising: •providing an electrode comprising a carbon material; •contacting said electrode with said sample in the presence of catechol or more generally a precursor of ortho-quinone; •performing cyclic or square wave voltammetry to convert catechol to ortho-quinone and wherein said ortho-quinone reacts with the material comprising a thiol group to form an electrochemical reaction product.

Abstract: A method of determining the presence of bacteria expressing cytochrome c oxidase (‘the bacteria’), the method comprising: —providing a sample suspected of containing the bacteria; —providing a compound that has two redox states: a reduced state and an oxidised state, wherein cytochrome c oxidase can convert the compound from its reduced state to its oxidised state; —contacting an electrode either with (i) the compound in its oxidised state in the presence of the sample, then applying a reductive potential and measuring the current at the electrode; or (ii) the compound in its reduced state in the presence of the sample, then applying an oxidative potential and measuring the current at the electrode; and —comparing the magnitude of the current produced by the reductive potential or oxidative potential in the presence of the sample suspected of containing the bacteria with the magnitude of the current produced under the same conditions, but in the absence of the sample suspected of containing the bacteria, wher

Abstract: Herein is disclosed a method for detecting a material comprising a thiol group (e.g. homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione) in a sample, the method comprising: •providing an electrode comprising a carbon material; •contacting said electrode with said sample in the presence of catechol or more generally a precursor of ortho-quinone; •performing cyclic or square wave voltammetry to convert catechol to ortho-quinone and wherein said ortho-quinone reacts with the material comprising a thiol group to form an electrochemical reaction product.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for measuring temperature, the method comprising •determining, at a temperature of interest, a first potential at which a first electrochemical reaction of a species occurs, •determining, at the temperature of interest, a second potential at which a second electrochemical reaction of the species occurs, •determining the difference between the first and second potentials, •converting the difference between the first and second potentials to a value of temperature. •Further provided is a temperature sensor for carrying out the method.

Abstract: According to the present invention, phenols may be detected using an electrochemical sensor comprising a first compound, a working electrode and an electrolyte in contact with the working electrode, wherein the first compound operatively undergoes a redox reaction at the working electrode to form a second compound which operatively reacts in situ with the phenol, wherein said redox reaction has a detectable redox couple and wherein the sensor is adapted to determine the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the consumption of said second compound on reaction with the phenol. The phenol may be, for example, a cannabinoid or a catechin compound.

Abstract: Electrochemical methods and materials for the detection of arsenic. In one aspect, arsenic is detected using a working electrode comprising particulate platinum. In another aspect, arsenic is detected using an electrode comprising indium tin oxide and particulate gold. Also provided are methods for the production of electrodes which involve the electrodeposition of gold onto indium tin oxide.

Abstract: There is provided a method of detecting an analyte in a sample, which comprises the steps of contacting the sample with a working electrode in the presence of an electrolyte and determining the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the sample, wherein the working electrode comprises a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and wherein detection takes place in the presence of a species which is capable of forming an intercalation compound with a carbon host material. Electrochemical sensors and compositions suitable for use in said method are also provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor and method of detecting gaseous analytes are provided, which involve the use of a working electrode comprising edge plane pyrolytic graphite.

Abstract: According to the present invention, phenols may be detected using an electrochemical sensor comprising a final compound, a working electrode and an electrolyte in contact with the working electrode, wherein the first compound operatively undergoes a redox reaction at the working electrodes to form a second compound which operatively reacts in situ with the phenol, wherein said redox reaction has a detectable redox couple and wherein the sensor is adapted to determine the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the consumption of said second compound on reaction with the phenol. The phenol may be, for example, cannabinoid or a catechin compound.

Abstract: Electrochemical methods and materials for the detection of arsenic. In one aspect, arsenic is detected using a working electrode comprising particulate platinum. In another aspect, arsenic is detected using an electrode comprising indium tin oxide and particulate gold. Also provided are methods for the production of electrodes which involve the electrodeposition of gold onto indium tin oxide.

Abstract: Derivatised carbon is disclosed in which an amino acid or a derivative thereof is attached to the carbon. Derivatised carbon may be useful in the detection and removal of metal ions from liquid media.