Abstract: Systems and methods to semantically compare product configuration models. A method includes receiving a first configuration model and a second configuration model. The method includes generating a first order logic (FOL) representation of the first configuration model and an FOL representation of the second configuration model. The method includes performing a satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solve for nonequivalence satisfiability on the FOL representation of the first configuration model and the FOL representation of the second configuration model. The method includes storing an indication that the first configuration model is equivalent to the second configuration model when the SMT solve for nonequivalence satisfiability is not satisfied.

Abstract: A method and a corresponding system for processing value documents, in particular bank notes, include the following steps: inputting value documents into an input pocket and singling the input value documents; capturing one or several properties of the individual value documents; ascertaining an identifier, in particular a serial number, of the value documents with the help of the captured properties of the value documents; storing the ascertained identifier of the value documents; outputting the value documents into at least one output pocket; and checking whether in the at least one output pocket there are located one or several second value documents whose identifier was not ascertained and/or not stored, with the help of the ascertained identifier of one or several first value documents output to the output pocket. The invention enables in an easy and time-saving manner a reliable processing of value documents, in particular a reliable accounting of deposits.

Abstract: Systems and methods to semantically compare product configuration models. A method includes receiving a first configuration model and a second configuration model. The method includes generating a first order logic (FOL) representation of the first configuration model and an FOL representation of the second configuration model. The method includes performing a satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solve for nonequivalence satisfiability on the FOL representation of the first configuration model and the FOL representation of the second configuration model. The method includes storing an indication that the first configuration model is equivalent to the second configuration model when the SMT solve for nonequivalence satisfiability is not satisfied.

Abstract: Systems and methods for SMT processes using uninterpreted function symbols. A method includes receiving a configuration model. The method includes computing a variant for the configuration model that includes a non-linear function. The method includes identifying input/output pairs in the non-linear function of the variant. The method includes executing a process on an external application for each input/output pair to produce an output value corresponding to each input of the input/output pairs. The method includes comparing the output value corresponding to each input of the input/output pairs with the output corresponding to each input of the input/output pairs. The method includes, when the output value corresponding to each input of the input/output pairs is equal to the output corresponding to each input of the input/output pairs, then the system stores an indication that the variant is correct.

Abstract: Described is a method for processing value documents which have an individual identifier, for example a serial number, in which for the value documents the individual identifier is respectively captured and from at least a part of the value documents a stack is formed, wherein for the stack the individual identifiers of the value documents of the stack are stored as belonging to a stack, for the stack there are captured usage data with the help of which the usage of the stack is identifiable and identifier data describing the individual identifier of at least one value document of the stack, and using the identifier data, the usage data and the individual identifiers of the value documents of the stack, which were stored as belonging to a stack, are stored so as to be associated with each other.

Abstract: A method and a corresponding system for processing value documents, in particular bank notes, include the following steps: inputting value documents into an input pocket and singling the input value documents; capturing one or several properties of the individual value documents; ascertaining an identifier, in particular a serial number, of the value documents with the help of the captured properties of the value documents; storing the ascertained identifier of the value documents; outputting the value documents into at least one output pocket; and checking whether in the at least one output pocket there are located one or several second value documents whose identifier was not ascertained and/or not stored, with the help of the ascertained identifier of one or several first value documents output to the output pocket. The invention enables in an easy and time-saving manner a reliable processing of value documents, in particular a reliable accounting of deposits.

Abstract: Described is a method for processing value documents which have an individual identifier, for example a serial number, in which for the value documents the individual identifier is respectively captured and from at least a part of the value documents a stack is formed, wherein for the stack the individual identifiers of the value documents of the stack are stored as belonging to a stack, for the stack there are captured usage data with the help of which the usage of the stack is identifiable and identifier data describing the individual identifier of at least one value document of the stack, and using the identifier data, the usage data and the individual identifiers of the value documents of the stack, which were stored as belonging to a stack, are stored so as to be associated with each other.

Abstract: A pumping source for Raman amplification of an optical wavelength-division multiplex signal which has a number of pump lasers with different pumping wavelengths in each case. The pumping wavelengths are selected in such a way that mixing products from a four-wave mixing are minimized in or removed from the signal spectrum. Transmission bands for the channels of the WDM signal also can be defined in the signal spectrum such that the mixing products are situated between the transmission bands. Differences in the signal-to-noise ratios between the channels of the WDM signal on the basis of four-wave mixing are, therefore, efficiently minimized in the signal spectrum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and several arrangements for determining signal degradations of an optical signal transmitted in a transmission signal in the presence of signal distortions, wherein at least one part of the optical signal is fed to an adaptive optimal or electric filter at a place of measurement in the transmission system and is subsequently measured according to one or several quality parameters. A first measurement of the quality parameter is carried out by transparent adjustment of the adaptive filter and other measurements of the quality parameters are carried out with redefined transparency properties of the adaptive optical filter which respectively have an influence upon signal distortions. As a result it is possible to analyze or to separate signal-influencing effects or groups of effects.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and several arrangements for determining signal degradations of an optical signal transmitted in a transmission signal in the presence of signal distortions, wherein at least one part of the optical signal is fed to an adaptive optimal or electric filter at a place of measurement in the transmission system and is subsequently measured according to one or several quality parameters. A first measurement of the quality parameter is carried out by transparent adjustment of the adaptive filter and other measurements of the quality parameters are carried out with redefined transparency properties of the adaptive optical filter which respectively have an influence upon signal distortions. As a result it is possible to analyze or to separate signal-influencing effects or groups of effects.

Abstract: A method for producing non-equidistant pump waves for Raman amplification of a signal which is passed via an optical waveguide, as well as a pump wave producing apparatus for producing pump waves for Raman amplification of a signal which is passed via an optical waveguide, which apparatus has at least one pump source and is set up such that it can produce pump waves at a first, a second, a third and a fourth mutually equidistant pump wavelength, having a control device which is set up such that it causes, in each case, the production of a pump wave u, v, w at the first, second and fourth pump wavelengths, with the control device being set up such that no pump wave is produced at the third pump wavelength, so that a non-equidistant pump channel pattern is achieved overall.

Abstract: In the case of broadband optical transmission, the quality of a wavelength division multiplex (WDM) signal which has a number of channels is adversely affected by different channels levels or signal-to-noise ratios, as well as by signal distortion. A method for optimization of the characteristics of a transmission system having cascaded Raman amplifiers, which each have a number of pump sources, for amplification of the (WDM) signal is described, using a quality parameter which is optimized as well as possible for each channel at the transmission path end. The method is particularly suitable for high levels of nonlinear signal distortion, and ensures compensation for and optimization of the qualify parameters for all the channels at the transmission path end. Different Raman gain profiles are selected as a function of the spectrum of the quality parameter by controlling the pump currents of the pump source of at least one of the Raman amplifiers.

Abstract: A pumping source with a number of regulated pump lasers for broadband optical amplification of a WDM signal is provided, wherein, the powers of the pump lasers that exhibit different wavelengths are regulated such that all the channels of a WDM signal exhibit a flat profile of their levels at the end of the transmission fiber and in the event of a defect and, particularly, in the event of a failure or a partial failure of the pump lasers, the corresponding change in the gain profile is automatically compensated for by a supervisory regulation device for resetting the pumping powers in the event of a failure report, thereby resulting in a minimal change in the gain spectrum of all the channel levels of a WDM signal in the event of defective operation of the pumping source.

Abstract: An optical transmission system for wavelength-division multiplex signals, having cascaded Raman amplifiers, has a number of pump sources for each Raman amplifier, each having different pump wavelengths sets from one pump source to another pump source. This results in a flat gain spectrum for all the channels in a WDM transmission signal.

Abstract: In the case of broadband optical transmission, the quality of a wavelength division multiplex (WDM) signal which has a number of channels is adversely affected by different channels levels or signal-to-noise ratios, as well as by signal distortion. A method for optimization of the characteristics of a transmission system having cascaded Raman amplifiers, which each have a number of pump sources, for amplification of the (WDM) signal is described, using a quality parameter which is optimized as well as possible for each channel at the transmission path end. The method is particularly suitable for high levels of nonlinear signal distortion, and ensures compensation for and optimization of the qualify parameters for all the channels at the transmission path end. Different Raman gain profiles are selected as a function of the spectrum of the quality parameter by controlling the pump currents of the pump source of at least one of the Raman amplifiers.

Abstract: A method for producing non-equidistant pump waves for Raman amplification of a signal which is passed via an optical waveguide, as well as a pump wave producing apparatus for producing pump waves for Raman amplification of a signal which is passed via an optical waveguide, which apparatus has at least one pump source and is set up such that it can produce pump waves at a first, a second, a third and a fourth mutually equidistant pump wavelength, having a control device which is set up such that it causes, in each case, the production of a pump wave u, v, w at the first, second and fourth pump wavelengths, with the control device being set up such that no pump wave is produced at the third pump wavelength, so that a non-equidistant pump channel pattern is achieved overall.

Abstract: A pumping source for Raman amplification of an optical wavelength-division multiplex signal which has a number of pump lasers with different pumping wavelengths in each case. The pumping wavelengths are selected in such a way that mixing products from a four-wave mixing are minimized in or removed from the signal spectrum. Transmission bands for the channels of the WDM signal also can be defined in the signal spectrum such that the mixing products are situated between the transmission bands. Differences in the signal-to-noise ratios between the channels of the WDM signal on the basis of four-wave mixing are, therefore, efficiently minimized in the signal spectrum.

Abstract: A pumping source with a number of regulated pump lasers for broadband optical amplification of a WDM signal is provided, wherein, the powers of the pump lasers that exhibit different wavelengths are regulated such that all the channels of a WDM signal exhibit a flat profile of their levels at the end of the transmission fiber and in the event of a defect and, particularly, in the event of a failure or a partial failure of the pump lasers, the corresponding change in the gain profile is automatically compensated for by a supervisory regulation device for resetting the pumping powers in the event of a failure report, thereby resulting in a minimal change in the gain spectrum of all the channel levels of a WDM signal in the event of defective operation of the pumping source.

Abstract: An optical transmission system for wavelength-division multiplex signals, having cascaded Raman amplifiers, has a number of pump sources for each Raman amplifier, each having different pump wavelengths sets from one pump source to another pump source. This results in a flat gain spectrum for all the channels in a WDM transmission signal.

Abstract: A method for equalizing channel quality differences in a WDM system having N transmitters, N receivers and N channels wherein the following steps are performed: separately measuring in each case a bit error rate of each individual one of the N channels in each one of the N receivers, these being measured in each case at different decider thresholds, deviating from the optimum value, in N first decision circuits; determining the bit error rate at the optimum operating point by extrapolating the measured bit error rates for each individual one of the N channels; determining a Q value for each one of the N channels from the respective associated extrapolated bit error rates; calibrating the N transmitters via a control device by raising the levels of the channels having a high bit error rate and lowering the levels of the channels having a low bit error rate at the ratio of the respective Q value of the channel, the aggregate level of all N channels in the N transmitters being kept constant; and repeating the st