Abstract: Novel organic ion-exchange polymers and membranes formed from these polymers provide improved performance in electrolytic cells. The membranes exhibit an expanded micro-structure as the result of the removal of organic groups previously reacted with the ion-exchange groups of the polymer. The polymers are also useful in finely divided form as catalysts or deposited on a catalyst support. When formed into sheets, the polymers are useful as membranes in the separation of miscible liquids and in the separation of gases.

Abstract: Novel organic ion-exchange polymers and membranes formed from these polymers provide improved performance in electrolytic cells. The membranes exhibit an expanded micro-structure as the result of the removal of organic groups previously reacted with the ion-exchange groups of the polymer. The polymers are also useful in finely divided form as catalysts or deposited on a catalyst support. When formed into sheets, the polymers are useful as membranes in the separation of miscible liquids and in the separation of gases.

Abstract: A process for preparing a coated article which includes the step of electromotively coating an article molded or extruded from a composition having a conductivity of at least about 10.sup.-14 Siemens/cm (S/cm) comprising (a) a thermoplastic polymer, thermoset polymer, or mixture thereof and (b) an electronically conductive charge transfer complex or inherently semiconducting polymer different from (a). It has been discovered that the process of the invention provides a means by which electromotively coated polymer articles may be conveniently prepared.

Abstract: Polymeric systems are disclosed that exhibit the Johnsen-Rahbeck effect and an electrostatic clutch for using films of these polymeric systems. The films may be pressed from the polymeric reaction product of either a polymer having an anionic functionality reacted with cations, or a polymer having cationic functionality reacted with anions. The dielectric film may be interposed between nesting, or otherwise contacting, conductive surfaces to increase the frictional force between the surfaces by the Johnsen-Rahbeck effect when a voltage differential is applied across the surfaces.

Abstract: Polymeric systems are disclosed that exhibit the Johnsen-Rahbeck effect and an electrostatic clutch for using films of these polymeric systems. The films may be pressed from the polymeric reaction product of either a polymer having an anionic functionality reacted with cations, or a polymer having cationic functionality reacted with anions. The dielectric film may be interposed between nesting, or otherwise contacting, conductive surfaces to increase the frictional force between the surfaces by the Johnsen-Rahbeck effect when a voltage differential is applied across the surfaces.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising an anode composed of a substrate having a mixture of non-lithium alkali metals, a cathode comprising an electrically conductive carbonaceous material and an electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent. The anode is provided with a skin or coating of an alkali metal.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid including a discrete phase of the reaction product of a polymeric or monomeric crown ether and a quaternary amine, which forms non-abrasive, low density organic fibrils, in a high dielectric strength, low dielectric constant continuous phase fluid. The crown ethers are selected from both oxygen-based and sulfur-based crown ethers.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid wherein the discrete phase comprises a layered mixed metal hydroxide of the formulae:Li.sub.m D.sub.d T(OH).sub.(m+2d+3+na) A.sub.a.sup.n andMg.sub.x Al.sub.y (OH).sub.zand the continuous phase is a low dielectric fluid. The layered mixed metal hydroxides may be functionalized with an aliphatic carboxylic acid or with the reaction product of a clay and an amine salt to provide a more dispersible particulate phase. The electrorheological fluids have improved thermal stability and provide a strong response to low electric field strengths while requiring a low concentration of layered mixed metal hydroxide component.

Abstract: A primary rechargeable electrical energy storage device comprising a housing having an electrically non-conductive interior surface, at least one cell postioned in said housing, each cell comprising an anode consisting of a low melting metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkali metal alloy and alkali metal eutectic mixture, said anode having a barrier of lithium nitride, a separator surrounding said anode, said separator being capable of transporting ionic species and electrically isolating said anode, a cathode and a non-aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: An electric storage device comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte comprising a functionalized polymeric material, and a novel electrolyte.

Abstract: An electric storage device comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte comprising the lithium salt of an aliphatic acid having 10 to 24 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A primary rechargeable electrical energy storage device comprising a housing having an electrically non-conductive interior surface, at least one cell positioned in said housing, each cell comprising an anode consisting of a low melting metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkali metal alloy and alkali metal eutectic mixture, a separator surrounding said anode, said separator being capable of transporting ionic species and electrically isolating said anode, a cathode comprising a carbonaceous graphite cloth, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising an anode composed of a molten mixture of non-lithium alkali metals, a cathode comprising an electrically conductive carbonaceous material and an electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention an electrochemical cell unit is comprised of:an anolyte compartment, catholyte compartment separated from each other by a pair of close spaced ionic (cationic/or anionic) membranes which together with a foraminous non-structural spacer therebetween form an intermediate compartment between the anolyte and catholyte compartments, respectively, which upon application of hydraulic pressure to the anolyte and/or the catholyte compartments reduce the cross membrane distance of the intermediate compartment to a minimum distance.

Abstract: A process for converting amino carboxylic acid salts to their free acids employing a three compartment cell having sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional styrene divinylbenzene or fluorocarbon membranes forming the intermediate compartment between the anode and cathode compartments.

Abstract: There is described a process for converting salts of monobasic amino acids to their free acids by treatment under electrolytic methods wherein electrical power requirements are reduced, contamination of the electrolytes with undesired products of the electrolysis is substantially reduced, stronger concentrations of basic electrolyte is produced and utilized in the process by employing substantially permselective membranes having sulfonic and/or carboxylic functionality.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting water soluble salts of insoluble organic acids to their insoluble acid form employing electrochemical techniques.