Abstract: A panel heater with at least one flat substrate and an electrically conductive coating is described. The electrically conductive coating extends at least over part of a substrate area and is electrically connected to at least two connecting electrodes provided for electrical connection to the two terminals of a voltage source, such that by applying a feed voltage, a heating current flows in a heating field, which is provided with one or a plurality of heating current paths formed into the conductive coating. The panel heater has one or more measurement current paths formed into the electrically conductive coating, which differ at least in sections from the heating current paths. The heating and measurement current paths are formed into the electrically conductive coating by coating-free separating regions. A method for operation and use of the panel heater is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate (10), especially a transparent glass substrate, equipped with a thin-film multilayer comprising, in alternation, “n” metallic functional films (40, 80, 120), in particular functional films based on silver or a metal alloy containing silver, and “(n+1)” antireflection coatings (20, 60, 100, 140), where n is an integer?3, each antireflection coating comprising at least one antireflection film, so that each functional film (40, 80, 120) is located between two antireflection coatings (20, 60, 100, 140), characterized in that said multilayer comprises at least two high-refractive-index antireflection films (25, 145), each having a refractive index?2.

Abstract: A panel heater with at least one flat substrate and an electrically conductive coating is described. The electrically conductive coating extends at least over part of a substrate area and is electrically connected to at least two connecting electrodes provided for electrical connection to the two terminals of a voltage source, such that by applying a feed voltage, a heating current flows in a heating field, which is provided with one or a plurality of heating current paths formed into the conductive coating. The panel heater has one or more measurement current paths formed into the electrically conductive coating, which differ at least in sections from the heating current paths. The heating and measurement current paths are formed into the electrically conductive coating by coating-free separating regions. A method for operation and use of the panel heater is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate (10), especially a transparent glass substrate, provided with a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of “n” metallic functional layers (40, 80, 120) especially of functional layers based on silver or a metal alloy containing silver, and of “(n+1)” antireflection coatings (20, 60, 100, 140), with n being an integer ?3, each antireflection coating comprising at least one antireflection layer (24, 64, 104, 144), so that each functional layer (40, 80, 120) is positioned between two antireflection coatings (20, 60, 100, 140), characterized in that the thickness ex of each functional layer (80, 120) is less than the thickness of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate (10) and is such that: ex=? ex?1, with: x which is the row of the functional layer starting from the substrate (10), x?1 which is the row of the preceding functional layer in the direction of the substrate (10), ? which is a number such that 0.5??<1, and preferably 0.5???0.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing at least one substrate, especially transparent glass substrates, each provided with a thin-film multilayer comprising an alternation of “n” metallic functional layers especially of functional layers based on silver or a metal alloy containing silver, and of “(n+1)” antireflection coatings, with n being an integer ?3, each antireflection coating comprising at least one antireflection layer, so that each functional layer is positioned between two antireflection coatings, said thin-film multilayer being deposited by a vacuum technique, said multilayer being such that the thicknesses of two functional layers at least are different and the thicknesses of the functional layers have a symmetry within the multilayer relative to the center of the multilayer.