Abstract: Carbamate linked prodrugs of meptazinol and other opioid analgesics are provided. The prodrug moiety may comprise a single amino acid or short peptide. Additionally, the present invention relates to methods for reducing gastrointestinal side effects in a subject, the gastrointestinal side effects being associated with the administration of an opioid analgesic. The methods comprise orally administering an opioid prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject, wherein the opioid pro-drug is comprised of an opioid analgesic covalently bonded through a carbamate linkage to a prodrug moiety, and wherein upon oral administration, the prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt minimizes at least one gastrointestinal side effect associated with oral administration of the opioid analgesic alone. Compositions for use with the method are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to prodrugs of a wide variety of drugs and pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs. Methods for minimizing locally mediated (from within the gut lumen) adverse gastrointestinal events associated with the underivatised drug and increasing the sustainment of plasma drug levels with the aforementioned prodrugs are also provided. Thus, the present invention relates to the use of prodrugs of a wide diversity of drugs (other than opioids) to transiently inactivate them and so reduce directly, locally mediated adverse gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects normally evident after administration of the parent compound. Additionally, such prodrugs may confer improved pharmacokinetics.

Abstract: The present invention concerns prodrugs of mexiletine (and mexiletine's active metabolite) pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs. Methods for treating myotonic conditions, while reducing the inherent adverse GI side effects associated with mexiletine, increasing the bioavailability of mexiletine, and improving the pharmacokinetic reproducibility of mexiletine with the aforementioned prodrugs are also provided.

Abstract: Prodrugs of galantamine or its 3-hydroxy metabolite with amino acids or short peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and methods for treating a memory or cognition disorder with the galantamine prodrugs are provided herein. Prodrugs having side chains of valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or para amino benzoic acid and mono-, di- and tripeptides thereof are preferred. Additionally, methods for avoiding or minimizing the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with galantamine administration, as well as improving the pharmacokinetics of galantamine are provided herein.

Abstract: Prodrugs of guanfacine with amino acids or short peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and a method for providing therapeutic benefit in the treatment of ADHD/ODD (attention deficient hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiance disorder) with guanfacine prodrugs are provided herein. Additionally, methods for minimizing or avoiding the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with guanfacine administration, as well as improving the pharmacokinetics of guanfacine are provided herein.

Abstract: Prodrugs of guanfacine, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and a method for providing therapeutic benefit in the treatment of ADHD/ODD (attention deficient hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiance disorder) with guanfacine prodrugs are provided herein. Additionally, methods for improving the pharmacokinetics of guanfacine or minimizing or avoiding the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with guanfacine administration are provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention concerns prodrugs of opioid analgesics and pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs. Methods for providing more consistent pain relief by increasing the bioavailability of the opioid analgesic with the aforementioned prodrugs are provided. The invention also provides for decreasing the adverse GI side effects of opioid analgesics.

Abstract: Prodrugs of galantamine or its 3-hydroxy metabolite with amino acids or short peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and methods for treating a memory or cognition disorder with the galantamine prodrugs are provided herein. Prodrugs having side chains of valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or para amino benzoic acid and mono-, di- and tripeptides thereof are preferred. Additionally, methods for avoiding or minimizing the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with galantamine administration, as well as improving the pharmacokinetics of galantamine are provided herein.

Abstract: Prodrugs of guanfacine with amino acids or short peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and a method for providing therapeutic benefit in the treatment of ADHD/ODD (attention deficient hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiance disorder) with guanfacine prodrugs are provided herein. Additionally, methods for minimizing or avoiding the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with guanfacine administration, as well as improving the pharmacokinetics of guanfacine are provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention concerns prodrugs of mexiletine (and mexiletine's active metabolite) with amino acids or peptides and pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs. Methods for providing pain relief, treating arrhythmia, decreasing the adverse GI side effects associated with mexiletine, increasing the bioavailability of mexiletine, and improving the pharmacokinetic reproducibility of mexiletine with the aforementioned prodrugs are also provided. Oligopeptides incorporating lysine or arginine residues attached directly or indirectly through a glycine residue are also described herein.

Abstract: Carbamate linked prodrugs of meptazinol and other opioid analgesics are provided. The prodrug moiety may comprise a single amino acid or short peptide. Additionally, the present invention relates to methods for reducing gastrointestinal side effects in a subject, the gastrointestinal side effects being associated with the administration of an opioid analgesic. The methods comprise orally administering an opioid prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject, wherein the opioid prodrug is comprised of an opioid analgesic covalently bonded through a carbamate linkage to a prodrug moiety, and wherein upon oral administration, the prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt minimizes at least one gastrointestinal side effect associated with oral administration of the opioid analgesic alone. Compositions for use with the method are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention concerns dicarboxylic acid linked amino acid and peptide prodrugs of opioid analgesics and pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs. Methods for providing pain relief, decreasing the adverse GI side effects of the opioid analgesic and increasing the bioavailability of the opioid analgesic with the aforementioned prodrugs are also provided. In one embodiment, prodrugs having the amino acid side chains of valine, leucine, isoleucine and glycine; and mono-, di- and tripeptides thereof are provided.

Abstract: Prodrugs of tapentadol with amino acids or short peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and a method for providing pain relief with the tapentadol prodrugs are provided herein. Prodrugs having side chains of valine, leucine, isoleucine and glycine amino acids and mono-, di- and tripeptides thereof are preferred. Additionally, methods for avoiding or minimizing the adverse gastrointestinal side effects associated with tapentadol administration, as well as increasing the oral bioavailability of tapentadol are provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for reducing gastrointestinal side effects in a subject, the gastrointestinal side effects being associated with the administration of an opioid analgesic. The methods comprise orally administering an opioid prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject, wherein the opioid prodrug is comprised of an opioid analgesic covalently bonded through a carbamate linkage to a peptide of 1-5 amino acids in length, and wherein upon oral administration, the prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt minimizes at least one gastrointestinal side effect associated with oral administration of the opioid analgesic alone. Compositions for use with the method are also provided.

Abstract: Prodrugs of meptazinol and other phenolic analgesics exhibiting low oral bioavailability with amino acids or lower peptides, pharmaceutical compositions containing such prodrugs and a method for providing pain relief with such prodrugs are provided. In addition, the present invention relates to methods for increasing the oral bioavailability of a phenolic analgesic. The method comprises orally administering a phenolic analgesic prodrug, wherein the phenolic analgesic is bound to an amino acid or peptide via a carbamate linkage, to a subject in need thereof. Prodrugs having side chains of valine, leucine, isoleucine and glycine amino acids and mono-, di- and tripeptides thereof are preferred.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel process for preparing 3-amino-2-methylbenzotrifluoride from benzotrifluoride. The process comprises nitrating benzotrifluoride to form 3-nitrobenzotrifluoride, reacting this compound with trimethyl sulphoxonium halide to form 3-nitro-2-methylbenzotrifluoride and reducing the nitro group to an amino group.

Abstract: The novel compound .alpha.-bromodiethylcarbonate, novel methods for the preparation thereof, its use in the preparation of 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters of penicillins and cephalosporins, and improvements in the method for preparing such esters.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical preparations containing (+)-cyanidan-3-ol derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R' and R" are hydrogen, an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon radical, or heterocyclic radical, halogen, formyl, free or functionally modified carboxyl, free or etherified or esterified hydroxyl, free, etherified or oxidized mercapto, unsubstituted or substituted sulfamoyl, acyl or unsubstituted or substituted amino, where however R' and R" cannot both be hydrogen simultaneously, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon radical, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 together can also be an unsubstituted or substituted methylene group, and R.sub.1 also an acyl group or an amidated carboxyl group; and therapeutically applicable salts of these compounds, as well as new compounds of these preparations.These pharmaceutical preparations are particularly valuable for treating liver and venous diseases.

Abstract: The novel compound .alpha.-bromodiethylcarbonate, novel methods for the preparation thereof, its use in the preparation of 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters of penicillins and cephalosporins, and improvements in the method for preparing such esters.

Abstract: Compound of the formula ##STR1## in which R and R' represent hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical or acyl radical,R.sub.1 represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical of aliphatic or aromatic character,R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical of higher aliphatic or aromatic character,it being possible forR.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together to represent also an optionally substituted alkylene radical or an optionally substituted biphenyl-2,2'-ylene radical,whereby however, when R, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen, R' cannot be methyl and salts of such compounds that contain a salt-forming grouping, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds.The pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds are particularly valuable for treating liver and veneous diseases.