Abstract: A special instruction for not encoding a content is incorporated into access authorization data contained in the received signal, so that within a unified system for transmitting and receiving of encoded or non-encoded sound and/or picture contents, it is possible to meet the requirement of public broadcasting and “free-to-air” program providers for a non-encoded processing and/or display and/or storage of freely accessible contents for the end user. The instruction signalizes that the sound and/or picture contents, once received, must be available in the non-encoded form to the end user. The access authorization data remain added to the sound and/or picture contents, even in cases of a cascading, encoded retransmission, or remains logically linked thereto by suitable means, even if transmitted physically separate along with the picture and/or sound contents.

Abstract: In a peer-to-peer (P2P) system, in each individual transmitting peer (10), the incoming data stream is divided logically and with regard to time into different parts, which are buffered in a volatile memory (13) and are transmitted to the receiving peers (20, 30) on different paths by means of a peer-to-peer transmission mechanism (40). In a receiving peer (20), the received parts of the subdivided data stream are buffered in a volatile memory (21) and are reassembled into a complete data stream. Further, in the receiving peer (20), the parts of the subdivided data stream, buffered by the volatile memory (21), are copied into a persistent memory (22), from where they are copied back into the volatile memory (21) at a later point in time if necessary. A fraction of the received data is excluded from persistent storing by selecting parts of the subdivided data stream.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to use a middleware component includes receiving a request from an application to interact with a platform using a service and using an abstract factory pattern corresponding to the service. The abstract factory pattern is associated with a first factory pattern stored in the middleware component. The method also includes determining if the first factory pattern is associated with the platform and invoking the service with the platform using the first factory pattern if the first factory pattern is associated with the platform.

Abstract: In a peer-to-peer (P2P) system, in each individual transmitting peer (10), the incoming data stream is divided logically and with regard to time into different parts, which are buffered in a volatile memory (13) and are transmitted to the receiving peers (20, 30) on different paths by means of a peer-to-peer transmission mechanism (40). In a receiving peer (20), the received parts of the subdivided data stream are buffered in a volatile memory (21) and are reassembled into a complete data stream. Further, in the receiving peer (20), the parts of the subdivided data stream, buffered by the volatile memory (21), are copied into a persistent memory (22), from where they are copied back into the volatile memory (21) at a later point in time if necessary. In order to reduce the amount of data to be stored persistently, it is proposed that a fraction of the received data is excluded from persistent storing, wherein this exclusion is performed by selecting parts of the subdivided data stream.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to use a middleware component includes receiving a request from an application to interact with a platform using a service and using an abstract factory pattern corresponding to the service. The abstract factory pattern is associated with a first factory pattern stored in the middleware component. The method also includes determining if the first factory pattern is associated with the platform and invoking the service with the platform using the first factory pattern if the first factory pattern is associated with the platform.

Abstract: In order to reduce the multitude of data for transmitting and converting use authorizations, which are received either encoded or non-encoded together with sound and/or picture contents in signals from optional networks, it is proposed to reduce the hierarchically structured use authorization information in the form of a tree structure before transmitting it further, such that non-occupied tree branches are detected and marked as not relevant, wherein the tree branches marked as not relevant are not included during the further transmitting of the use authorization information.

Abstract: In order to reduce the multitude of data for transmitting and converting use authorizations, which are received either encoded or non-encoded together with sound and/or picture contents in signals from optional networks, it is proposed to reduce the hierarchically structured use authorization information in the form of a tree structure before transmitting it further, such that non-occupied tree branches are detected and marked as not relevant, wherein the tree branches marked as not relevant are not included during the further transmitting of the use authorization information.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the receptivity of radio signals at any given receiving site in an area covered by at least one transmitter by comparing data stored and continuously updated in a receiver against data transmitted, and identifying and selecting from all the transmitted radio signals a preferred radio signal.

Abstract: A special instruction for not encoding a content is incorporated into access authorization data contained in the received signal, so that within a unified system for transmitting and receiving of encoded or non-encoded sound and/or picture contents, it is possible to meet the requirement of public broadcasting and “free-to-air” program providers for a non-encoded processing and/or display and/or storage of freely accessible contents for the end user. The instruction signalizes that the sound and/or picture contents, once received, must be available in the non-encoded form to the end user. The access authorization data remain added to the sound and/or picture contents, even in cases of a cascading, encoded retransmission, or remains logically linked thereto by suitable means, even if transmitted physically separate along with the picture and/or sound contents.

Abstract: An agent based model system provides simulation of the influence of environmental variables and tendencies in individual and social decision making relating to the formation of coalitions and ethnic groups. The system is based on improved understandings of human decision making under risk, and incorporates recent theoretical developments and computational tools. The system gives analysts the ability to predict the development of coalitions and ethnic groups, as well as the ability to manage the behavior of individuals in such groups. The model results provide confidence intervals for various possible scenarios in a mix of agents' decision rules and distribution of environmental resources. Applications include management of ethnic groups and violent conditions in unstable nations, the tracking of terrorist organizations, development of coalitions and oligopolies in business, and the modeling and interdiction of criminal organizations.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting or storing, over an interference affected channel, digital audio signals that have been subjected to data reduction, resulting in a reduced data, digital audio signal that is present in at least one of the time domain and spectral domain, depending on source coding. An interfered-with signal section is detected in the reduced data, digital audio signal at a receiving end. The interfered-with reduced data, digital audio signal section is masked by one of (a) muting only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section and (b) replacing only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values of subbands in the signal section with a signal component form the same channel or an adjacent channel including at least one of time domain sampled values, spectral domain sampled values, scale factors, and control information, depending on the source coding of the reduced data, digital audio signal.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting or storing, over an interference affected channel, digital audio signals that have been subjected to data reduction, resulting in a reduced data, digital audio signal that is present in at least one of the time domain and spectral domain, depending on source coding. An interfered-with signal section is detected in the reduced data, digital audio signal at a receiving end. The interfered-with reduced data, digital audio signal section is masked by one of (a) muting only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section and (b) replacing only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values of subbands in the signal section with a signal component from the same channel or an adjacent channel including at least one of time domain sampled values, spectral domain sampled values, scale factors, and control information, depending on the source coding of the reduced data, digital audio signal.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting or storing, over an interference affected channel, digital audio signals that have been subjected to data reduction, resulting in a reduced data, digital audio signal that is present in at least one of the time domain and spectral domain, depending on source coding. An interfered-with signal section is detected in the reduced data, digital audio signal at a receiving end. The interfered-with reduced data, digital audio signal section is masked by one of (a) muting only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section and (b) replacing only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section with a signal component from the same channel or an adjacent channel including at least one of time domain sampled values, spectral domain sampled values, scale factors, and control information, depending on the source coding of the reduced data, digital audio signal.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting or storing, over an interference affected channel, digital audio signals that have been subjected to data reduction, resulting in a reduced data, digital audio signal that is present in at least one of the time domain and spectral domain, depending on source coding. An interfered-with signal section is detected in the reduced data, digital audio signal at a receiving end. The interfered-with reduced data, digital audio signal section is masked by one of (a) muting only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section and (b) replacing only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section with a signal component from the same channel or an adjacent channel including at least one of time domain sampled values, spectral domain sampled values, scale factors, and control information, depending on the source coding of the reduced data, digital audio signal.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting or storing, over an interference affected channel, digital audio signals that have been subjected to data reduction, resulting in a reduced data, digital audio signal that is present in at least one of the time domain and spectral domain, depending on source coding. An interfered-with signal section is detected in the reduced data, digital audio signal at a receiving end. The interfered-with reduced data, digital audio signal section is masked by one of (a) muting only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section and (b) replacing only interfered-with spectral values or subbands, or groups of spectral values or subbands in the signal section with a signal component from the same channel or an adjacent channel including at least one of time domain sampled values, spectral domain sampled values, scale factors, and control information, depending on the source coding of the reduced data, digital audio signal.

Abstract: Source coding digitized audio signals includes providing time or spectral domain sampling values of the digitized audio signal, requantizing the sampling values according their permissible quantizing noise as determined by a coding and requantizing control signal, and multiplexing the control signal and the requantized sampling values into a time multiplex frame depending on the bit rate reduction employed. The coding and requantizing control signal is determined from the sampling values by determining the global masking effect from all relevant maskers which are tonal maskers and noise maskers, and which result from the sampling values, and from a silence audio threshold.

Abstract: In order to require only a relatively small increase in the data rate when the number of channels of multi-channel digitalized and bit-rate reduced audio signals is increased, the psychoacoustic concealment or masking by at least part of the remaining audio channels or the redundancy of individual audio channels is taken advantage of in each individual audio channel when reducing the bit rate of audio signals having more than two audio channels. Only those parts of the concerned audio channel are transmitted or stored which are not concealed by the audio signals of other audio channels or which are contained in the audio channels for stereophonic reproduction with all types of reproduction available for selection. In addition, the used parts are transmitted or stored with a resolution only big enough for the totality of all audio channels to keep concealed the quantization noise generated during quantization in all types of reproduction available for selection.