Abstract: Embodiments of a system and method for polishing substrates are provided. In one embodiment, a polishing system is provided that includes a polishing module having a platen, and a platen temperature control system. The platen temperature control system includes a PID controller, a fluid controller, and a heat exchanger. The flow controller is configured to control an amount of fluid provided from the heat exchanger to a channels of the platen in response to instructions provided by the PID controller.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to potassium ion sensors and monomers derived from such sensors. The disclosure also provides for polymers (e.g., random copolymers, nanoparticles, polymer thin films, and sensors) having polymerized monomeric potassium ion sensors as described herein. These compounds and polymers are useful for measuring intracellular and extracellular potassium ion concentrations.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to potassium ion sensors and monomers derived from such sensors. The disclosure also provides for polymers (e.g., random copolymers, nanoparticles, polymer thin films, and sensors) having polymerized monomeric potassium ion sensors as described herein. These compounds and polymers are useful for measuring intracellular and extracellular potassium ion concentrations.

Abstract: An optical tomography system for imaging an object of interest including a light source for illuminating the object of interest with a plurality of radiation beams. The object of interest is held within an object containing tube such that it is illuminated by the plurality of radiation beams to produce emerging radiation from the object containing tube, a detector array is located to receive the emerging radiation and produce imaging data used by a mechanism for tracking the object of interest.

Abstract: An optical tomography system for imaging an object of interest including a light source for illuminating the object of interest with a plurality of radiation beams. The object of interest is held within an object containing tube such that it is illuminated by the plurality of radiation beams to produce emerging radiation from the object containing tube, a detector array is located to receive the emerging radiation and produce imaging data used by a mechanism for tracking the object of interest.

Abstract: A parallel-beam optical tomography system for imaging an object of interest includes a parallel ray beam radiation source that illuminates the object of interest with a plurality of parallel radiation beams. After passing through the object of interest the pattern of transmitted or emitted radiation intensities is magnified by a post specimen optical element or elements. An object containing tube is located within an outer tube, wherein the object of interest is held within or flows through the object containing tube. A motor may be coupled to rotate and/or translate the object containing tube to present differing views of the object of interest. One or more detector arrays are located to receive the emerging radiation from the post specimen magnifying optic. Two- or three-dimensional images may be reconstructed from the magnified parallel projection data.

Abstract: A parallel-beam optical tomography system for imaging an object of interest includes a parallel ray beam radiation source that illuminates the object of interest with a plurality of parallel radiation beams. After passing through the object of interest the pattern of transmitted or emitted radiation intensities is magnified by a post specimen optical element or elements. An object containing tube is located within an outer tube, wherein the object of interest is held within or flows through the object containing tube. A motor may be coupled to rotate and/or translate the object containing tube to present differing views of the object of interest. One or more detector arrays are located to receive the emerging radiation from the post specimen magnifying optic. Two- or three-dimensional images may be reconstructed from the magnified parallel projection data.

Abstract: A microtomographic system (10) for generating high-resolution, three dimensional images of a specimen (16) is disclosed. The microtomograph system includes an x-ray generator (12) that produces an x-ray beam (14), a specimen holder (18) that holds the specimen in the beam, and an x-ray detector (20) that measures the attenuation of the beam through the specimen. Two projections of each view of the specimen are made with this microtomographic system. Each projection is made with a different intensity x-ray beam. After the projections of one view of the specimen are made, the specimen is rotated on the specimen holder and another set of projections are made. The projections of each view of the specimen are analyzed together to provide a quantitative indication of the phase fraction of the material comprising the specimen. The projections of the different views are combined to provide a three-dimensional image of the specimen.

Abstract: A femoral-side hip-joint prosthetic device for use in hip-joint replacement. The device includes an elongate stem whose surface defines maximally spaced infero-medial and supero-lateral surface curves, and which is characterized by a surface rotation which carries the supero-lateral surface curve about 15.degree.-30.degree. forward with respect to the infero-medial surface curve, on progressing upward along the upper surface portion of the stem, with the device in operative position. The rotation of the stem surface produces a close approximation to the cavity formed in the proximal femur by removal of the cancellous bone in the natural cavity formed by a wall of densified cancellous bone. A 3.degree.-15.degree. proximal anteversion of the neck is adapted to place a hip-joint ball carried on the stem at a position closely approximating that of the head in the natural femur.

Abstract: A femoral-side hip-joint prosthetic device for use in hip-joint replacement. The device includes an elongate stem whose surface defines maximally spaced infero-medial and supero-lateral surface curves, and which is characterized by a surface rotation which carries the supero-lateral surface curve about 18.degree.-30.degree. forward with respect to the infero-medial surface curve, on progressing upward along the upper surface portion of the stem, with the device in operative position. The rotation of the stem surface produces a close approximation to the cavity formed in the proximal femur by removal of the cancellous bone in the natural cavity formed by a wall of densified calcellous bone. A 3.degree.-15.degree. proximal anteversion of the neck is adapted to place a hip-joint ball carried on the stem at a position closely approximating that of the head in the natural femur.