Abstract: An intermediate entity can generate a necessary credential to allow two other entities to bypass the intermediate entity when establishing communications between two other entities in a computing system represented by either a directed or an undirected graph. The intermediate entity receives credentials for communications links between itself and each of the other two entities. The intermediate entity also receives a chaining parameter associated with the intermediate entity. With the two credentials and the chaining parameter, the intermediate entity can compute a necessary credential to allow communication between the other two entities. In addition, the intermediate entity can compute the necessary credential independent of a security manager during the computation operation.

Abstract: An intermediate entity can generate a necessary credential to allow two other entities to bypass the intermediate entity when establishing communications between two other entities in a computing system represented by either a directed or an undirected graph. The intermediate entity receives credentials for communications links between itself and each of the other two entities. The intermediate entity also receives a chaining parameter associated with the intermediate entity. With the two credentials and the chaining parameter, the intermediate entity can compute a necessary credential to allow communication between the other two entities. In addition, the intermediate entity can compute the necessary credential independent of a security manager during the computation operation.

Abstract: A computer implemented method provides access to processes and data using strengthened password. During an initialization phase, an access code is stored in a memory of a computer system. The access code is an application of a one-way hash function to a concatenation of a password and a password supplement. The size of the password supplement is a fixed number of bits. During operation of the system, a user enters a password, and the one-way hash function is applied to concatenations of the password and possible values having the size of the password supplement to yield trial access codes. Access is granted when one of the trial access codes is identical to the stored access code.