Abstract: A fastening method comprising using a control apparatus to select a first upsetting volume of an upsetting die, using a punch to push a first fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the first fastener, then using the control apparatus to select a second upsetting volume of the upsetting die, using the punch to push a second fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the second fastener, or using the punch and the upsetting die to form a clinch joint.

Abstract: A joint is produced in at least two overlapping workpieces using a joining tool including a punch reciprocally disposed in a cylinder. The workpieces are disposed between the tool and a die. The tool applies a compressive force to deform the workpieces into a joint at a joining area between the tool and die. Continuous ultrasonic energy is applied to at least one of the workpieces in the joining area for at least part of the time during production of the joint to increase the ductility of at least one of the workpieces in the joining area. This induces an acousto-plastic effect in the material being formed which temporarily reduces its strength so as to exhibit increased ductility. The joining method may be used in self-piercing riveting and clinching techniques and enables viable joints to be formed in high strength materials or thick sheets of material.

Abstract: A fastening method comprising using a control apparatus to select a first upsetting volume of an upsetting die, using a punch to push a first fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the first fastener, then using the control apparatus to select a second upsetting volume of the upsetting die, using the punch to push a second fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the second fastener, or using the punch and the upsetting die to form a clinch joint.

Abstract: A method of riveting comprising using a punch to push a rivet through a workpiece such that a shank of the rivet is received in a die defined by a die body which is in contact with the workpiece, a slug of material being removed from the workpiece by the rivet and being received in the die, the method further comprising closing or substantially closing the die using a rod and using the rod to upset the shank of the rivet.

Abstract: A fastening method comprising using a control apparatus to select a first upsetting volume of an upsetting die, using a punch to push a first fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the first fastener, then using the control apparatus to select a second upsetting volume of the upsetting die, using the punch to push a second fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the second fastener, or using the punch and the upsetting die to form a clinch joint.

Abstract: A fastening method and apparatus (9) comprising using a control apparatus to select a first upsetting volume of an upsetting die, using a punch to push a first fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the first fastener, then using the control apparatus to select a second upsetting volume of the upsetting die, using the punch to push a second fastener into a workpiece and using the upsetting die to upset the second fastener, or using the punch and the upsetting die to form a clinch joint.

Abstract: A method of riveting comprising using a punch (1) to push a rivet (9) through a workpiece (5) such that a shank (10) of the rivet (9) is received in a die (3) defined by a die body (3) which is in contact with the workpiece, a slug of material (16) being removed from the workpiece (5) by the rivet (9) and being received in the die, the method further comprising closing or substantially closing the die using a rod (4) and using the rod to upset the shank of the rivet.

Abstract: A joint is produced in at least two overlapping workpieces (W1, W2) using a joining tool comprising a punch (16) reciprocally disposed in a cylinder. The workpieces (W1, W2) are disposed between the tool and a die (12) and the tool is used to apply a compressive force to deform the workpieces into a joint at a joining area between the tool and the die. Continuous ultra-sonic energy (A) is applied to at least one of the workpieces in the joining area for at least part of the time during production of the joint so as to increase the ductility of at least one of the workpieces in the joining area. This induces an acousto-plastic effect in the material being formed which temporarily reduces its strength so as to exhibit increased ductility. The joining method is used in self-piercing riveting and enables viable joints to be formed in high strength materials or thick sheets of material.

Abstract: This invention relates to composite gun barrels along the lines that a bal be made of two or more different materials and of different outer diameters for optimum life and performance at different points along the length of the barrel. A composite gun barrel according to this invention includes a breech joined to a muzzle through a mid-section of the barrel by inertia or friction welding. Such a breech, muzzle and mid-section or mid-sections are made of different external diameters and wall thicknesses and of varying materials. A material more resistant to high temperature erosion and of larger outside diameter for high gas pressure is utilized at the chamber, while the material and wall thickness selected for use near the muzzle is optimum for frictional wear and lower pressure. A hot work tool steel such as H11 containing 1.5% Mn, 5% Cr, 0.4 V and 0.35 C is employed at the origin of rifling.