Abstract: Concentration of a polyelectrolyte in the water of an aqueous system is controlled by first withdrawing a sample of the water and adding a known or standard amount of a fluorochromatic reagent to the sample. Then light energy is directed into the sample whereby light energy of a selected excitation wavelength for the fluorochromatic dye is available for absorption by the fluorochromatic reagent. The intensity of light emitted about a selected emission wavelength for the fluorochromatic reagent is measured and the intensity of the emitted light is compared to a standard curve, comprising a plot of fluorescence emission intensity of the fluorochromatic reagent in the presence of a polyelectrolyte versus concentration the polyelectrolyte. The concentration of the polyelectrolyte in the sample of water is determined from the comparison.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing a co-fuel additive for promoting the suspension of coal macroparticles in petroleum fuel liquid incorporates a quantity of pulverulent alkaline fluxing mineral material for modifying the solid and gaseous products that results from combustion of the mixture. Miscible petroleum liquid, a coal anti-sedimentation surfactant and sufficient water to form a water-in-oil emulsion are also included in the additive.

Abstract: A stable coal fuel oil mixture which comprises a major portion of fuel oil a minor portion of pulverized coal and from about 0.5-3% by weight of calcium acetate.

Abstract: A method of testing additives for the ability to prevent coal particles from freezing and adhering to the sides of coal cars and metal storage devices which comprises the steps of:(a) coating the treatment to be tested on the inside of a small interior diameter steel or aluminum cylinder;(b) soaking the thus-treated cylinder in water for a short time to simulate exposure to precipitation;(c) immediately loading the water-treated cylinder with coal particles;(d) compressing the coal within the cylinder;(e) freezing the coal within the cylinder;(f) removing the coal from the cylinder using means capable of measuring the force required to remove the coal; and(g) comparing that force against the force required to remove the coal from a similar non-treated cylinder.

Abstract: A method for reducing the tendency of coal to freeze and thus adhere to the sides of metal storage and shipping containers used to store and/or transport said coal at temperatures below the freezing point of water which comprises applying to the sides of the container a coating composition comprising:a. 55-97% by weight of a hydrocarbon liquid;b. 3-45% by weight of a hydrocarbon oil-soluble surfactant having an HLB value of 1-8.

Abstract: A method of determining the dosage of freeze-conditioning agents applied to coal, which method comprises the following steps:(1) treating the coal with a small amount of a freeze-conditioning agent containing a compatible fluorescent dye;(2) extracting the treated coal with a solvent for the freeze-release agent and determining the fluorescence of such extract;(3) extracting a similar treated coal sample to which a known amount of the freeze-conditioning agent has been further added and determining the fluorescence of this extract;(4) setting up a proportionality between the fluorescence values of extracts (2) and (3) with the corresponding dosages of freeze-conditioning agents and solving for the unknown dosage originally applied to the coal.

Abstract: A method for treating particulate solids having surface moisture to reduce the cohesive strength of masses of such solids when frozen, said particulate solids being neither water soluble nor water swellable, said method consisting of spraying such solids with an effective amount of a hydrocarbon liquid solution of a nonionic surfactant having an HLB between 9.5 and 11.0.