Abstract: A catalyst composition comprises an inert hydrocarbon solvent, having dissolved therein a titanate of the formula Ti(OR)4 wherein each R is the same or different, and is a hydrocarbon residue, and an organic aluminum compound, wherein a molar ratio of the organic aluminum compound and any alkene present in the catalyst composition is greater than one.

Abstract: A process of purifying acetic acid is provided. The process includes feeding a stream of acetic acid into a distillation column and distilling acetic acid in the presence of an oxidizing agent in the distillation column, to oxidize oxidizable impurities in the acetic acid, wherein the oxidizing agent is an oxidant capable of cleaving C?C bonds. The process further includes removing a distilled acetic acid stream from the distillation column. Further processes for purifying acetic acid and systems for purifying acetic acid are also provided.

Abstract: An underbody panelling part of a wheel axle near the wheel arch of a motor vehicle has a main part, the covering surface of which is variable, and a fastening structure for fixed connection to the body and/or a fastening structure for fixed connection to a transverse link of the motor vehicle. In the mounted state the covering surface can be varied with the steering angle.

Abstract: Processes of making catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the processes include modifying an organoaluminum compound with a modifier that decreases the initial reducing strength of the organoaluminum compound, where the modifier can be an ether, an anhydride, an amine, an amide, a silicate, a silyl ether, a siloxane, an ester, a carbonate, a urea, a carbamate, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, a phosphoramide, or a combination thereof. The processes further include adding a transition metal complex to the mixture of the organoaluminum compound and the modifier; and obtaining a catalyst composition including the organoaluminum compound and the transition metal complex.

Abstract: Methods for generating a purified catalyst are provided. The method includes performing a reaction in a reaction vessel to generate a liquid catalyst and reaction products, purging the reaction products using an inert gas to form a purged catalyst, freezing the purged catalyst in the reaction vessel, and applying a vacuum to the reaction vessel while the purged catalyst thaws, wherein the vacuum removes residual reaction products to form a purified catalyst. Systems for generating a purified catalyst and a purified catalyst are also provided.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a chemical composition comprising an aromatic compound a in a concentration B by weight, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, including: providing the following reaction components: a chemical composition comprising the following: the aromatic compound a in a concentration A by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and an olefin in an amount of about 50 to about 99.99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and an acidic solid; reacting the components to obtain the chemical composition comprising the aromatic compound a in a concentration B by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition; wherein the concentration B is less than the concentration A.

Abstract: The invention relates to known housing seals of two housing parts lying against each other, a first housing part (1) having a first sealing surface (6) and a second housing part (2) having a second sealing surface (7), which housing seals are equipped with a seal (15), which is inserted into a groove (10) in the first sealing surface (6) of the first housing part (1), wherein the groove (10) is covered by the second sealing surface (7) of the second housing part (2). According to the invention, in order to prevent crevice corrosion, the groove (10) has an opening (11) between the sealing surfaces (6, 7), which is used to ventilate the groove (10) having the inserted seal. The invention is intended for water pumps, in particular for auxiliary water pumps of motor vehicles.

Abstract: A steering system for a motor vehicle includes a steering handle for manual actuation of the steering system, at least one steerable motor vehicle wheel which can be mechanically coupled to the steering handle, and a steering column which is rotatable about a steering-system axis and has an input shaft connected fixedly to the steering handle and an output shaft connected to the at least one steerable motor vehicle wheel for rotation therewith. A steering-system-blocking element is connected fixedly to a body of the motor vehicle. A locking device can either enable or block a relative rotation between the input shaft and the body-mounted steering-system-blocking element. A coupling device can either enable or block a relative rotation between the input shaft and the output shaft.

Abstract: An underbody panelling part of a wheel axle near the wheelhouse of a motor vehicle includes a substantially flat main part, a first mounting point provided on the main part, which first mounting point can be rotatably connected to a transverse link of the motor vehicle, and a second mounting point provided on the main part, which second mounting point can be coupled to a wheel carrier or a steering rod. The underbody panelling part can be pivoted about the first mounting point when the wheel carrier is pivoted. A subassembly having the underbody panelling part is also provided.

Abstract: An active damper system is provided for a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle. It includes a damper unit with a cylinder, a piston which is guided in the cylinder, and a piston rod which is connected to the piston. The piston divides the cylinder into a first chamber and a second chamber, and the damper unit is designed to be arranged between a body and a wheel of the vehicle. The damper system also has a pump for changing the pressure in the two chambers and for moving the piston, a first valve, a second valve, which is connected to the first valve in series, a third valve, and a fourth valve, which is connected to the third valve in series. The first and second valve are connected in parallel to the third and fourth valve. A fluid-conductive first line leads to the first chamber between the first valve and the second valve, and a fluid-conductive second line leads to the second chamber between the third valve and the fourth valve.

Abstract: A vibration damper, assigned to a wheel of a vehicle, includes a damper cylinder, a damper piston with a piston rod configured to be guided in the damper cylinder, and a damper chamber, formed in the damper chamber on each side of the damper piston. The vibration damper further includes a pressure accumulator, in the form of a gas pressure cushion, connected to the damper chamber lying opposite the piston rod. The vibration damper is mounted on the vehicle body by a damper mount with a rubber-elastic body that is deformable in a shifting direction of the damper piston. A hydraulic pressure chamber is formed in the damper mount, and is connected via a fluid-conducting connection to the damper chambers whose volumes are respectively reduced when the wheel is deflected in relation to the vehicle body. The damper chambers are connected hydraulically to one another via a hydraulic pump driven by a motor.

Abstract: A vibration damper of a vehicle wheel is supported on a vehicle body by a damper mount having an elastic body. The vibration damper includes a fluid-filled cylinder, a piston guided in the cylinder, and a piston rod. A wherein a damper chamber is formed in the cylinder on each side of the piston. The damper mount includes a hydraulic pressure chamber connected via a fluid-conducting connection to the damper chambers, whose volumes are respectively reduced when the vehicle wheel is deflected in relation to the vehicle body. In addition, a throttle valve is provided in the fluid-conducting connection, wherein the throttle value comprises a valve body that is displaceable in relation to a valve seat counter to a spring force, and a throttle bore.

Abstract: A process of decomposing a biomass derivative to produce a gaseous product and then introducing the gaseous product into a steam reformer.

Abstract: Processes of preparing freeze-dried co-catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the process includes mixing an organoaluminum compound with a modifier at low temperature to provide a modified co-catalyst composition. The process further includes further cooling the modified co-catalyst composition under reduced pressure, to provide a freeze-dried co-catalyst composition. Processes of preparing freeze-dried catalyst compositions, processes of preparing catalyst compositions, freeze-dried co-catalyst compositions, freeze-dried catalyst compositions, catalyst compositions, and processes of preparing ?-olefins are also provided.

Abstract: Processes of making catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the processes include modifying an organoaluminum compound with a modifier that decreases the initial reducing strength of the organoaluminum compound, where the modifier can be an ether, an anhydride, an amine, an amide, a silicate, a silyl ether, a siloxane, an ester, a carbonate, a urea, a carbamate, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, a phosphoramide, or a combination thereof. The processes further include adding a transition metal complex to the mixture of the organoaluminum compound and the modifier; and obtaining a catalyst composition including the organoaluminum compound and the transition metal complex.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprises an inert hydrocarbon solvent, having dissolved therein a titanate of the formula Ti(OR)4 wherein each R is the same or different, and is a hydrocarbon residue, and an organic aluminum compound, wherein a molar ratio of the organic aluminum compound and any alkene present in the catalyst composition is greater than one.

Abstract: Systems and methods for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions are described. Systems and methods may include pre-mixing at least one ligand and at least one chromium source in at least one solvent to form a pre-mixed composition; activating the pre-mixed composition with an activator to form an activated composition; and supplying the pre-activated composition to a reactor.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a chemical composition comprising an aromatic compound ? in a concentration B by weight, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, includes: a. providing the following reaction components: i. a chemical composition comprising the following: a) The aromatic compound ? in a concentration A by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and b) An olefin in an amount of about 50 to about 99.99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and ii. an acid; and b. reacting the components to obtain the chemical composition comprising the aromatic compound ? in a concentration B by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition; wherein the concentration B is less than the concentration A.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a chemical composition comprising an aromatic compound a in a concentration B by weight, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, including: a. providing the following reaction components: i. a chemical composition comprising the following: a) The aromatic compound a in a concentration A by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and b) An olefin in an amount of about 50 to about 99.99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the chemical composition, and ii. an acid; and b. reacting the components to obtain the chemical composition comprising the aromatic compound a in a concentration B by weight based on the total weight of the chemical composition; wherein the concentration B is less than the concentration A.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions that are suitable for producing 1-butene are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the catalyst compositions include an organic titanium compound, an organic aluminum compound, and a linear diether. Processes for converting ethylene to 1-butene by using these catalyst compositions are also provided.