Abstract: A process and apparatus for generating steam from wet fuel, wherein water is evaporated from the wet fuel by bringing the fuel into direct contact with superheated steam. The steam is superheated by bringing it into contact with a hot heat carrier. The heat carrier is heated by bringing it into direct contact with flue gas produced by burning the dried fuel and the heat carrier is used to superheat the steam.

Abstract: A cooling process and apparatus which utilizes the lower water vapor pressure above a fluid such as water-salt solutions of, for example, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide or mixtures thereof. Heat is then removed from the fluid by indirect contact with a circulating water stream in a heat exchanger. Water which has taken up heat from the fluid is expanded at reduced pressure to release water vapor and lower the temperature of the water. The water vapor is then absorbed in a salt solution having a higher temperature but a lower water vapor pressure than that of the released water vapor. The remaining water is recirculated to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: An air conditioning process and apparatus with absorption of water vapor in a circulating absorption liquid containing an aqueous salt solution. The absorption liquid to be supplied to the absorber is cooled by indirect contact with a circulating water stream in a heat exchanger. The circulating water is expanded at reduced pressure to release water vapor and lower the temperature of the water. The water vapor is thereafter absorbed in absorption liquid from the absorber.

Abstract: An air conditioning process and apparatus includes absorption of water vapor in a circulating absorption liquid composed of an aqueous salt solution. The absorption liquid is regenerated by evaporative concentration by indirect heat exchange with a heating fluid in an evaporator. The water vapor produced in the evaporator is condensed in a condenser by indirect heat exchange with a cooling liquid which is mainly composed of the absorption liquid to be concentrated or which has already been concentrated in the evaporator. The water vapor pressure over the cooling liquid in the condenser is lowered by causing gas to flow in contact with the cooling liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for evaporation of spent liquor by heat from a blow condenser where blow steam from a pulp cooker is condensed in a direct condenser connected with a hot water accumulator. Spent liquor heated indirectly by hot water from the accumulator is brought to expand and released expansion vapor is used as a heat medium in a following evaporation stage. The apparatus comprises a heat exchanger, at least one flash tank and at least one evaporation unit, the heat exchanger being disposed to receive hot water from the upper part of the accumulator and to return it to its lower part and thus heat the spent liquor, and the flash tank being disposed to receive spent liquor heated in the heat exchanger and to release liquor vapor and spent liquor to the evaporation unit.

Abstract: Calcium containing sulphate spent liquor is deactivated by means of heating. Spent liquor is heated by means of direct condensing in a flash-steam-system. Liquor vapors generated during expansion of the already deactivated spent liquor are used for heating the spent liquor. Spent liquor is led to a retention tank through n+1 in series connected direct condensers (DK I-DK V) and from the retention tank through n in series connected flash tanks (FT I-FT IV) disposed counter-currently to the direct condensers. In the last one of the direct condensers (DK V) the liquor is heated by means of externally supplied steam; in all others (DK I-DK IV) by means of expansion vapor.

Abstract: In the production of pulp, the amount of ballast in the white liquor is reduced by maintaining the concentration of the green liquor, prior to causticizing thereof to convert it to the white liquor used for cooking the wood, at a level of 110.+-.20 grams per liter total titratable alkali counted as NaOH, maintaining the efficiency of the causticizing operation at 92.+-.3%, and concentrating the white liquor, prior to the cooking, by evaporation to a content of 130-200 grams per liter efficient alkali counted as NaOH.