Abstract: A high purity diaryl carbonate is produced with a high efficiency by reacting carbon monoxide with an alkyl nitrite and/or an alkyl alcohol; reacting the resultant dialkyl oxalate with a hydroxyaryl compound, for example, phenol; decarbonylating the resultant diaryl oxalate to produce a diaryl carbonate and carbon monoxide; and collecting the diaryl carbonate from the decarbonylation reaction product mixture, the carbon monoxide produced in the decabonylation step being optionally reused for the production of the dialkyl oxalate.

Abstract: A diaryl carbonate with a high degree of purity is produced at a high yield by (A) subjecting (a) a diaryl oxalate and a phenol compound or (b) an alkylaryl oxalate to transesterification reaction in one or two stages in the presence of a catalyst to prepare a diaryl oxalate, while removing a by-product from the reaction system; (B) collecting the diaryl oxalate from the resultant reaction product mixture of the step (A); (C) subjecting the diaryl oxalate to a decarbonylation reaction, preferably in the presence of a phosphorous compound-containing catalyst, to convert the diaryl oxalate to a corresponding diaryl carbonate, while removing a reaction by-product comprising carbon monoxide from the reaction system; and (D) collecting the diaryl carbonate from the reaction product mixture of the step (C).

Abstract: An improved process for preparing a diaryl carbonate from a diaryl oxalate in a liquid phase by decarbonylation utilizes a reaction vessel composed of two or more reaction chambers which are connected in series. The process is composed of the steps of continuously introducing the diaryl oxalate and an organic phosphorus compound having a trivalent or pentavalent phosphorus atom and at least one carbon-phosphorus bonding into the first chamber and continuously recovering a reaction mixture mainly containing the diaryl carbonate from the last chamber under the condition that a mixture of the diaryl oxalate and the organic phosphorus compound is heated in the reaction chambers, while discharging carbon monoxide released from the mixture.

Abstract: A diaryl carbonate with a high degree of purity is produced at a high yield by (A) subjecting (a) a diaryl oxalate and a phenol compound or (b) an alkylaryl oxalate to transesterification reaction in one or two stages in the presence of a catalyst to prepare a diaryl oxalate, while removing a by-product from the reaction system; (B) collecting the diaryl oxalate from the resultant reaction product mixture of the step (A); (C) subjecting the diaryl oxalate to a decarbonylation reaction, preferably in the presence of a phosphorous compound-containing catalyst, to convert the diaryl oxalate to a corresponding diaryl carbonate, while removing a reaction by-product comprising carbon monoxide from the reaction system; and (D) collecting the diaryl carbonate from the reaction product mixture of the step (C).

Abstract: A diaryl carbonate is prepared at a high yield and a high selectivity by heating a diaryl oxalate in the presence of an organic phosphorous compound to release carbon monoxide therefrom. A halogen atom-containing compound can be employed in combination with the organic phosphorous compound.

Abstract: Straight-chain acrylonitrile dimers including 1,4-dicyanobutene, 1,4-dicyanobutadiene and adiponitrile are produced at a high selectivity by dimerizing acrylonitrile in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst, and in the presence of a straight-chain dimer selectivity-enhancing agent comprising at least one member selected from(A) substituted benzoic acids, except for monoalkylbenzoic acids, having at least one substituent and preferably exhibiting a pKa of 1.50 to 6.0 determined in water at an ionic strength of 0 to 0.1 mole/liter at 25.degree. C.;(B) hetero atom-containing acyclic carboxylic acids having at least one substituent having a sulfur or nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom located in an .alpha.- on .beta.

Abstract: Straight-chain acrylonitrile dimers including 1,4-dicyanobutene, 1,4-dicyanobutadiene and adiponitrile are produced at a high selectivity rate and yield by dimerizing acrylonitrile in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one ruthenium compound, for example dichloro-tetrakis (dimethylsulfoxide) ruthenium, and in the presence of at least one organic acid, for example, propionic acid, and optionally in the further presence of a basic compound, a reducing compound and/or a sulfoxide compound.

Abstract: An electromagnetic effect material comprising xA-yB-zC-wD-.alpha.0 series oxide ceramics, in which A and B represent one or more of element selected from the combination of elements represented by the general formula ABO.sub.3 and capable of forming a perovskite structure material exhibiting a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic property, C and D represent one or more of elements selected from the combination of elements represented by the general formula CDO.sub.3 and capable of forming a perovskite structure material exhibiting a ferroelectric, antiferroelectric or piezo-electric effect, with a proviso of excluding a case in which A and C are identical and B and D are identical to each other and a case in which A is Bi and B is Fe, x, y, z and w represent the ratio for the elements A, B, C and D, respectively, x+y+z+w=1, 0.01<x<0.95, 0.01<y< 0.95, 0.01<z<0.95, 0.01<w<0.95 and .alpha.

Abstract: Cubic conductive copper oxide ceramics which are represented by the following formula I:(M.sub.x Cu.sub.y).sub.7 O.sub.z A.sub.w Iwherein M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Sc, Y, Tl, and Ga, A represents Cl, NO.sub.3, or Cl and NO.sub.3, x+Y is a value of 1, x/y is a number of 0 to 10, z is a number of from 6 to 8, and w is a number of from 1 to 9, and processes for producing same by mixing at least one nitrate and/or chloride of a metal selected from the group consisting of In, Sc, Y, Tl, and Ga, with copper nitrate and/or copper chloride, and firing the mixture at from 200.degree. to 600.degree. C. The copper oxide ceramics are preferably used as electrodes in various fields, heat emiters and also as a material for producing superconductors.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing a heterocyclic compound having as the side chain group a nitromethylene group of the formula: ##STR1## wherein Y, R and n are as defined in the specification, which comprises reacting a 2,2-dihalonitroethylene compound with a 1-aminoalkanethiol compound or a 1-N-substituted derivative thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing a heterocyclic compound having a nitromethylene group as the side chain, of the formula ##STR1## wherein Y represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group or an acyl group, and n represents an integer of 2, 3 or 4,which comprises reacting a 2,2,2-trihalo-1-nitroethane compound with a 1-aminoalkanethiol compound or a 1-N-substituted derivative thereof.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for preparing an ester of nitroacetic acid which comprises;(1) a first step of subjecting a vinyl ester of a fatty acid and a nitrogen oxide to reaction with each other in the presence of a gas containing molecular oxygen in a solvent; and(2) a second step of subjecting the resultant reaction product of the first step to reaction with an alcohol.According to the method of this invention, an ester of nitroacetic acid can effectively be obtained in higher yield.