Abstract: Provided herein is a method of making, comprising transporting reagents to a reactor in a microfluidic path device, wherein the reagents include a synthetic gene of interest, a polymerase, a buffer, a first primer having a first region specific to the synthetic gene of interest, and a second primer, wherein the second primer comprises a poly-T sequence of ?150 base pairs (bp) or a poly-A sequence of ?150 bp and a second region specific to the synthetic gene of interest; controlling a temperature of the first reactor to perform a polymerase chain reaction within the microfluidic path device to amplify the synthetic gene of interest using the first primer and the second primer to form a synthetic product including the poly-A sequence of ?150 bp; and transporting the synthetic product out of the first reactor, wherein the synthetic product comprises a synthetic DNA template for in vitro transcription.

Abstract: Provided herein are examples of mRNA treatment nanoparticles and methods of using them to treat a patient. An mRNA treatment nanoparticle may include one or more mRNAs encoding a tumor-specific antigen and an immunomodulatory agent; and a delivery vehicle molecule encapsulating the one or more mRNAs.

Abstract: Systems and methods for data processing are described. Example embodiments include identifying chart data corresponding to a visual element of a user interface; selecting an insight type based on a chart category of the chart data; generating insight data for the insight type based on the chart data using a statistical measure corresponding to the insight type; generating an insight caption for the insight type by combining the insight data with a sentence template corresponding to the insight type; and communicating the insight caption to a user of the user interface.

Abstract: Provided herein are examples of mRNA treatment nanoparticles and methods of using them to treat a patient. An mRNA treatment nanoparticle may include one or more mRNAs encoding a tumor-specific antigen and an immunomodulatory agent; and a delivery vehicle molecule encapsulating the one or more mRNAs.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for making and using therapeutics, including in particular mRNA therapeutics, that separate double-stranded RNA from single-stranded RNA as part of a continuous flow. These methods and apparatuses may include formulation of an RNA therapeutic using a permeable insert integrated into a microfluidic path device. In particular, these methods and apparatuses may include formulation of an RNA therapeutic by removing dsRNA from a solution of RNA by within a microfluidic path device including a cellulose material.

Abstract: A method for determining the amount and rate of corrosion which has occurred on the surface of a process unit by measuring corrosion with a corrosion sensor and measuring at least one parameter inside the process unit. Corrosion on the internal surfaces of a process unit can then be determined.

Abstract: A system and method for optimizing the response of a metal loss sensor which is configured in a way that its insertion depth and orientation in the process fluid are adjustable. These adjustments affect local turbulence and thereby enable achieving a desired corrosion rate at the metal loss sensor. Corrosion rate comparison between the metal loss sensor and pressure containment boundary can be measured directly or indirectly by computing wall shear stresses at the sensor and the pressure containment boundary.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in a petrochemical process unit and/or refinery process unit, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from a steam cracker alloy including at least 18.0 wt. % Cr and at least 10.0 wt. % Ni; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 18.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.5 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in refinery process furnaces, and more particularly in furnace radiant coils, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from stainless steels including chromium in the range of 15.0 to 26.0 wt. % based on the total weight of the stainless steel; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 20.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.4 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Fired heater tubes with improved resistance to corrosion and fouling suitable for use in thermal processing units of petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants are fabricated from a bulk alloy of an alumina-forming alloy which is capable of forming a stable oxide film on the surfaces of the tubes. The bulk alloy comprising about 3 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of Al, about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % Cr and at least one alloying component selected from Fe, Ni, Co, Si, Mn, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures of these components.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in refinery process furnaces, and more particularly in furnace radiant coils, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from carbon steels or low chromium steels comprising less than 15.0 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the steel; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 20.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.4 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A fired heater tube that is resistant to corrosion and fouling is disclosed. The fired heater tube comprises an advantageous high performance coated material composition resistant to corrosion and fouling comprises: (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal layer, wherein P is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, and mixtures thereof, Q comprises Cr, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, and R is selected from the group consisting of low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in refinery process furnaces, and more particularly in furnace radiant coils, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from stainless steels including chromium in the range of 15.0 to 26.0 wt. % based on the total weight of the stainless steel; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 20.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.4 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in refinery process furnaces, and more particularly in furnace radiant coils, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from carbon steels or low chromium steels comprising less than 15.0 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the steel; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 20.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.4 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in a petrochemical process unit and/or refinery process unit, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from a steam cracker alloy including at least 18.0 wt. % Cr and at least 10.0 wt. % Ni; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 18.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.5 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A fired heater tube that is resistant to corrosion and fouling is disclosed. The fired heater tube comprises an advantageous high performance coated material composition resistant to corrosion and fouling comprises: (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal layer, wherein P is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, and mixtures thereof, Q comprises Cr, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, and R is selected from the group consisting of low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys.

Abstract: The invention provides a universal method to detect the presence of chromosomal abnormalities by using paralogous genes as internal controls in an amplification reaction. The method is rapid, high throughput, and amenable to semi-automated or fully automated analyses. In one aspect, the method comprises providing a pair of primers which can specifically hybridize to each of a set of paralogous genes under conditions used in amplification reactions, such as PCR. Paralogous genes are preferably on different chromosomes but may also be on the same chromosome (e.g., to detect loss or gain of different chromosome arms). By comparing the amount of amplified products generated, the relative dose of each gene can be determined and correlated with the relative dose of each chromosomal region and/or each chromosome, on which the gene is located.

Abstract: The invention provides a universal method to detect the presence of chromosomal abnormalities by using paralogous genes as internal controls in an amplification reaction. The method is rapid, high throughput, and amenable to semi-automated or fully automated analyses. In one aspect, the method comprises providing a pair of primers which can specifically hybridize to each of a set of paralogous genes under conditions used in amplification reactions, such as PCR. Paralogous genes are preferably on different chromosomes but may also be on the same chromosome (e.g., to detect loss or gain of different chromosome arms). By comparing the amount of amplified products generated, the relative dose of each gene can be determined and correlated with the relative dose of each chromosomal region and/or each chromosome, on which the gene is located.