Abstract: In one example, a semiconductor device can comprise a substrate, a device stack, first and second internal interconnects, and an encapsulant. The substrate can comprise a first and second substrate sides opposite each other, a substrate outer sidewall between the first substrate side and the second substrate side, and a substrate inner sidewall defining a cavity between the first substrate side and the second substrate side. The device stack can be in the cavity and can comprise a first electronic device, and a second electronic device stacked on the first electronic device. The first internal interconnect can be coupled to the substrate and the device stack. The encapsulant can cover the substrate inner sidewall and the device stack and can fill the cavity. Other examples and related methods are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating a camera pose according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a similar image searcher, a clusterer, and an estimator. The similar image searcher searches for a plurality of images similar to an input image, from among a plurality of previously-stored images, based on the input image. The clusterer creates a cluster including at least some similar images meeting predetermined conditions, from among the plurality of similar images, based on viewpoint data tagged to each of the plurality of similar images. The estimator estimates a pose of a camera that has generated the input image, based on the cluster.

Abstract: Vertical memory devices, and methods of manufacturing the same, include providing a substrate including a cell array region and a peripheral circuit region, forming a mold structure in the cell array region, forming an opening for a common source line passing through the mold structure and extending in a first direction perpendicular to a top surface of the substrate, forming a first contact plug having an inner sidewall delimiting a recessed region in the opening for the common source line, and forming a common source bit line contact electrically connected to the inner sidewall of the first contact plug.

Abstract: A writing pen with a holder attached thereto which is held by a user's hand and enables the user to write conveniently while operating a keyboard of a computer, and it comprises a holder (10) having a contact part (11) in the center thereof to be in contact with a palm of a hand on one side; connecting parts (12) extending from both ends of the contact part (11) to be connected with each other on the back of the hand; a spherical groove for pivoting (13) formed at one end of the other side of the contact part (11); and locking pieces (14) formed at the other end of the other side of the contact part (11), and a writing pen (20) having a body (23); a fitting ball (21) formed at one end of the body (23) to be pivotable in the spherical groove (13); and a writing member (22) formed at the other end of the body (23).