Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a compound having an alkylated acidic functional group, the method comprising reacting, in a mixture containing two or more compounds having an acidic functional group as substrates, the compounds with an alkylating agent selected from compounds represented by formula A, formula B, or formula C in the presence of a base to alkylate the acidic functional group.

Abstract: A method for producing a printed material includes forming a color image having an image area ratio of 20% or less on a peripheral edge portion of a recording medium by using a coloring material; providing pressure-induced phase transition particles to a region of the recording medium, the region including the peripheral edge portion; bonding the color image and the pressure-induced phase transition particles onto the recording medium; and folding the recording medium having the color image and the pressure-induced phase transition particles bonded thereon and pressure-bonding the folded recording medium, or pressure-bonding the recording medium having the color image and the pressure-induced phase transition particles bonded thereon and another recording medium placed on top of each other.

Abstract: A control device for a human-powered vehicle includes an electronic controller. The human-powered vehicle includes a motor that applies a propulsion force to the human-powered vehicle and a transmission that shifts a transmission ratio of the human-powered vehicle between a plurality of shift stages. The electronic controller is configured to control the motor. The electronic controller is configured to decrease an upper limit value of an output of the motor in an up-shift operation. The electronic controller is configured to decrease the upper limit value in a down-shift operation. The electronic controller is configured to control the motor so that the upper limit value in the up-shift operation performed between two predetermined ones of the shift stages that differ in the transmission ratio by one stage differs from the upper limit value in the down-shift operation performed between the two predetermined ones of the shift stages.

Abstract: A task of the present invention is to provide a Ti—Mo alloy material which can be improved in the yield stress at room temperature by the precipitation of an aged omega phase in the Ti—Mo alloy while maintaining large ductility at room temperature, and a method for producing the same. Provided is a Ti—Mo alloy collectively having an Mo content of 10 to 20 mass %, wherein the Ti—Mo alloy has a winding belt-like or swirly segregation portion having a width of 10 to 20 ?m in the plane of a backscattered electron image (BEI) or an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) image of the Ti—Mo alloy, as examined under a scanning electron microscope, in which Mo content is larger than the collective Mo content of the Ti—Mo alloy. When generally observing the entire plane examined, a segregation structure in a swirly form can be observed. Further, provided is the Ti—Mo alloy which has been subjected to aging treatment so that an aged omega phase is precipitated along the segregation portion.

Abstract: A task of the present invention is to provide a Ti—Mo alloy material which can be improved in the yield stress at room temperature by the precipitation of an aged omega phase in the Ti—Mo alloy while maintaining large ductility at room temperature, and a method for producing the same. Provided is a Ti—Mo alloy collectively having an Mo content of 10 to 20 mass %, wherein the Ti—Mo alloy has a winding belt-like or swirly segregation portion having a width of 10 to 20 ?m in the plane of a backscattered electron image (BEI) or an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) image of the Ti—Mo alloy, as examined under a scanning electron microscope, in which Mo content is larger than the collective Mo content of the Ti—Mo alloy. When generally observing the entire plane examined, a segregation structure in a swirly form can be observed. Further, provided is the Ti—Mo alloy which has been subjected to aging treatment so that an aged omega phase is precipitated along the segregation portion.

Abstract: A password registration unit encrypts key information using an input password, and stores the generated encrypted key as a file into a computer. A file encryption unit generates a file key arbitrarily, encrypts the file key using the key information, encrypts a plaintext using the file key to generate a ciphertext, and stores an encrypted file including the encrypted file key in its header part and the ciphertext in its data part. A file decryption unit decrypts the encrypted file key using the key information to obtain a file key, or receives an input of a password, decrypts the encrypted key using the password to obtain key information, and decrypts the encrypted file key using the key information to obtain a file key. The file decryption unit then decrypts the ciphertext using the obtained file key.

Abstract: When data which cannot be processed is attached to an E mail routed to a terminal, an alternate URL for specifying the attached data is issued. A browser portion accesses a Web server utilizing the alternate URL. A data converter acquires from a mail server an E mail specified by mail acquiring information constituting a part of the alternate URL. That is, the data converter receives the E mail routed to the terminal in place of the terminal. The data converter specifies the attached data which cannot be processed on the basis of an attaching number in the alternate URL, to convert the attached data into data in a format which can be processed by the terminal. The converted data is transmitted to the terminal through the Web server. The browser portion displays on a display portion the data having the format which can be processed and refers a user to the data.

Abstract: A password registration unit encrypts key information using an input password, and stores the generated encrypted key as a file into a computer. A file encryption unit generates a file key arbitrarily, encrypts the file key using the key information, encrypts a plaintext using the file key to generate a ciphertext, and stores an encrypted file including the encrypted file key in its header part and the ciphertext in its data part. A file decryption unit decrypts the encrypted file key using the key information to obtain a file key, or receives an input of a password, decrypts the encrypted key using the password to obtain key information, and decrypts the encrypted file key using the key information to obtain a file key. The file decryption unit then decrypts the ciphertext using the obtained file key.

Abstract: A character extraction apparatus is provided for extracting character data for each character from a text image which is represented by first pixels corresponding to character images and second pixels corresponding to background images. The character extraction apparatus comprises a character row detecting means for detecting character rows from the text image and obtaining position data of each character row; a pixel array extracting means for extracting arrays of continuous first pixels in an area specified by the character row position data and computing position data of each of the arrays of continuous first pixels; a character array linking means for linking the arrays of continuous first pixels in the area based on the position data of the arrays of continuous first pixels; and a character extracting means for recognizing each set of arrays of continuous first pixels linked by the character array linking means as a character and outputting character data.

Abstract: A character extraction apparatus is provided for extracting character data for each character from a text image which is represented by first pixels corresponding to character images and second pixels corresponding to background images. The character extraction apparatus comprises a character row detecting means for detecting character rows from the text image and obtaining position data of each character row; a pixel array extracting means for extracting arrays of continuous first pixels in an area specified by the character row position data and computing position data of each of the arrays of continuous first pixels; a character array linking means for linking the arrays of continuous first pixels in the area based on the position data of the arrays of continuous first pixels; and a character extracting means for recognizing each set of arrays of continuous first pixels linked by the character array linking means as a character and outputting character data.

Abstract: A character extraction apparatus is provided for extracting character data for each character from a text image which is represented by first pixels corresponding to character images and second pixels corresponding to background images. The character extraction apparatus comprises a character row detecting means for detecting character rows from the text image and obtaining position data of each character row; a pixel array extracting means for extracting arrays of continuous first pixels in an area specified by the character row position data and computing position data of each of the arrays of continuous first pixels; a character array linking means for linking the arrays of continuous first pixels in the area based on the position data of the arrays of continuous first pixels; and a character extracting means for recognizing each set of arrays of continuous first pixels linked by the character array linking means as a character and outputting character data.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are provided for assigning categories to words in document images. The apparatus and method extract characters and words from document images and assign categories to the words by referring to dictionaries installed in the apparatus. Furthermore, the apparatus and method correct or assign categories by referring to category correction rule dictionary.