Abstract: An electrochemical method for separating impurities from aqueous solutions, comprises the steps of: Circulating an aqueous feed solution containing an impurity ion to a cathode chamber of an electrochemical cell containing a cathode; Circulating an acidic electrolyte solution to an anode chamber containing an anode; Separating the anode chamber from the cathode chamber with a central chamber, to form a 3-chamber cell, having an anion exchange membrane forming a boundary between the cathode chamber and the central chamber, and a cation exchange membrane forming a boundary between the anode chamber and the central chamber; Circulating or adding a chloride solution within or to the central chamber; Applying a current across the anode and cathode to facilitate hydrogen ions generated at the anode to migrate through the cation exchange membrane into the central chamber, and chloride ions generated in the cathode chamber to migrate across the anion exchange membrane to the central chamber to form hydrochloric ac

Abstract: A method for improved processing of lithium metallurgical solutions comprises the steps of: i. Directing a lithium leach solution containing magnesium to an electrochemical magnesium removal step to form a magnesium depleted lithium leach solution; ii. Directing the magnesium depleted lithium leach solution of step i) to downstream concentration and recovery processes wherein the electrochemical magnesium removal step is a 3-chamber electrochemical configuration to produce magnesium hydroxide precipitate and a separate hydrochloric acid stream, as recoverable by-products.

Abstract: A retaining wall structure comprising a base plate having an outboard surface, an inboard surface, a top edge, a bottom edge, and a pair of opposed side edges, a top slot formed along the top edge, a side slot formed along each side edge, a first set of symmetrically aligned eyelets extended outwards from the inboard surface near one side edge, and a second set of symmetrically aligned eyelets extended outwards from the inboard surface near the other side edge; a pair of support braces with each support brace having a central portion interconnected between a pair of eyelets; and four spikes with one of the spikes slidably disposed within the eyelets of the first set and one of the eyelets of one of the support braces, another spike slidably disposed within the second set of eyelets of the base plate and one of the eyelets of the other support brace, and the remaining spikes each slidably disposed within one of the remaining eyelets of each support brace and with the spikes securable in a recipient surface for