Abstract: A computer-implemented method of simulating behavior of a thermodynamic system over time, the thermodynamic system having a state described by collective vectors of position and momentum at any given time and the method comprising a momentum refreshment process, a conservative dynamics process, and an acceptance/rejection process, wherein the momentum refreshment process comprises mixing the collective momentum vector with a noise vector; the conservative dynamics process comprises applying a mollified impulse multiple time stepping conservative dynamics method to a current state, in which process calculations for forces corresponding to more slowly varying energy parts in the thermodynamic system undergo an averaging procedure and are carried out at a larger time step than calculations for forces corresponding to more quickly varying energy parts; and wherein the acceptance/rejection process is based on the system energy and comprises accepting a current state or returning a replacement state.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method including a momentum refreshment process and a conservative dynamics process, wherein the refreshment process including carrying out an operation of mixing the collective momentum vector with a noise vector and carrying out an acceptance/rejection (acceptance and rejection) operation; the dynamics process including applying a multiple time stepping conservative dynamics operation to a current state, in which calculations corresponding to more slowly varying energy parts undergo an averaging procedure and are carried out at a larger time step than calculations corresponding to more quickly varying energy parts; and carrying out an acceptance/rejection operation based on an approximation of the system energy expressed using shadow Hamiltonians and include accepting a current state or returning a replacement state.

Abstract: A method and system thereof for simulating behavior of a thermodynamic system over time, including a momentum refreshment process and a conservative dynamics process, where the momentum refreshment process includes partially refreshing a momentum to define refreshed momentum by considering solutions for a starting momentum determined by a numerical implementation for integrating a generating linear differential equation.

Abstract: A method of simulating behaviour of a molecular system with m degrees of freedom over time comprising a partial momentum refreshment step and a molecular dynamics step, wherein the partial momentum refreshment step comprises: given a starting position q and a starting momentum p of the molecular system, partially refreshing the momentum to define refreshed momentum p? evaluating the shadow Hamiltonian 331 ?t at position q and momentum p?; and accepting or rejecting the refreshed momentum p? according to a Metropolis-type function and if p? is accepted using p? as the resulting momentum p and starting position q as the resulting position q or if it is rejected, using p as the resulting momentum p and starting position q as the resulting position; and wherein the molecular dynamics step comprises: given a starting position q and starting momentum p of the molecular system, running a molecular dynamics simulation over a fixed number of iterations and obtaining new position q? and new momentum p?; evaluating the

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of simulating behaviour of a thermodynamic system over time, the thermodynamic system having potential energy that can be split into more quickly varying parts and more slowly varying parts and having a state described by collective vectors of position and momentum at any given time, the method comprising a momentum refreshment process and a conservative dynamics process, wherein the momentum refreshment process comprises carrying out an operation of mixing the collective momentum vector with a noise vector and carrying out an acceptance/rejection operation; the conservative dynamics process comprises applying a multiple time stepping conservative dynamics operation to a current state, in which operation calculations for forces corresponding to more slowly varying energy parts in the thermodynamic system undergo an averaging procedure and are carried out at a larger time step than calculations for forces corresponding to more quickly varying energy parts; and carrying out an a

Abstract: A method and system thereof for simulating behaviour of a thermodynamic system over time, including a momentum refreshment process and a conservative dynamics process, where the momentum refreshment process includes partially refreshing a momentum to define refreshed momentum by considering solutions for a starting momentum determined by a numerical implementation for integrating a generating linear differential equation.

Abstract: A method of simulating behaviour of a molecular system with m degrees of freedom over time comprising a partial momentum refreshment step and a molecular dynamics step, wherein the partial momentum refreshment step comprises: given a starting position q and a starting momentum p of the molecular system, partially refreshing the momentum to define refreshed momentum p? evaluating the shadow Hamiltonian at position q and momentum p?; and accepting or rejecting the refreshed momentum p? according to a Metropolis-type function and if p? is accepted using p? as the resulting momentum p and starting position q as the resulting position q or if it is rejected, using p as the resulting momentum p and starting position q as the resulting position; and wherein the molecular dynamics step comprises: given a starting position q and starting momentum p of the molecular system, running a molecular dynamics simulation over a fixed number of iterations and obtaining new position q? and new momentum p?; evaluating the shadow

Abstract: A laboratory centrifuge has a housing which can be closed by a casing cover and having in the housing a rotor chamber which contains a motor-driven vertical-axis rotor to accept test tubes. During operation, the test tubes are warmed by friction. To cool the centrifuge, cooling air is pulled in through openings in the lower side of the housing and upward into the rotor chamber by the fan action created by the rotation of the rotor. The air is guided out of the rotor chamber through an air exit in a direction of flow tangential to the perimeter of the rotor in a manner that ensures low turbulence and, thus, low noise. In particular, a slit-like air exit opening is arranged between the casing cover and the top side of the housing.

Abstract: A laboratory centrifuge has a housing which can be closed by a casing cover and having in the housing a rotor chamber which contains a motor-driven vertical-axis rotor to accept test tubes. During operation, the test tubes are warmed by friction. To cool the centrifuge, cooling air is pulled in through openings in the lower side of the housing and upward into the rotor chamber by the fan action created by the rotation of the rotor. The air is guided out of the rotor chamber through an air exit in a direction of flow tangential to the perimeter of the rotor in a manner that ensures low turbulence and, thus, low noise. In particular, a slit-like air exit opening is arranged between the casing cover and the top side of the housing.

Abstract: A laboratory centrifuge having a housing which can be closed by a casing cover and having in the housing a rotor chamber which contains a motor-driven vertical-axis rotor to accept test tubes is disclosed. During operation, the test tubes are warmed by friction. To cool the centrifuge, cooling air is pulled in through openings in the lower side of the housing and upward into the rotor chamber by the fan action created by the rotation of the rotor. The air is guided out of the rotor chamber through an air exit in a direction of flow tangential to the perimeter of the rotor in a manner that ensures low turbulence and, thus, low noise. In particular, a slit-like air exit opening is arranged between the casing cover and the top side of the housing.