Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for performing a piconet coordinator (PNC) handover in a wireless personal area network (WPAN) in which devices using various PHY transmission modes coexist. A device that enters the WPAN transfers information about its PHY transmission mode to the PNC through an association request message so that a problem that conventional services are not provided to a user in the WPAN due to a difference in PHY transmission modes of the devices during the PNC handover can be solved.

Abstract: Provided are a wireless network system and a method of configuring the same, in which stations that perform directional communication in a high-frequency band can share information regarding their communication capabilities with each other. An apparatus for managing stations that transmit/receive data using millimeter wave (mmWave) includes a communication capability information management module which receives an association request frame and determines the communication capability of an associating station that has transmitted the association request frame based on the association request frame; an information-frame-generation module which generates a wireless video area network (WVAN) information frame specifying the communication capability of the associating station; and a communication module which transmits the WVAN information frame, wherein the apparatus serves as a wireless network coordinator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided that greatly expand the utility of conventional hollow waveguide-based sensors via either straight, substrate-integrated channels or via meandering (e.g., circuitous, curved or folded optical paths) waveguide sensor designs. Full- or hybrid-integration of the meandering hollow waveguide with light source, detector, and light-guiding optics facilitates compact yet high-performance gas/vapor and/or liquid sensors of the substrate-integrated hollow waveguide sensor.

Abstract: Provided are a substrate polishing apparatus and a method of polishing a substrate using the same. The substrate polishing apparatus includes a substrate supporting member, a polishing unit, and a control unit. The substrate is seated on the rotatable substrate supporting member. The polishing unit includes a rotatable and swingable polishing pad to polish a top surface of the substrate. The control unit controls the substrate supporting member and the polishing unit during a polishing process to adjust a value of a polishing variable adjusting a polishing amount of the substrate according to a horizontal position of the polishing pad with respect to the substrate. Therefore, the substrate polishing apparatus may locally adjust the polishing amount of the substrate to improve polishing uniformity and product yield.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for generating an acknowledgement (ACK) frame. The method includes: receiving a data frame; first determining whether sub-frames included in the received data frame are coded in an unequal error protection (UEP) mode; and based on the determination of the first determining, generating the ACK frame including a first ACK field indicating reception of each of the sub-frames or second ACK field indicating reception of each first type bit and second type bit in the sub-frames.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for generating a data frame. The method includes: generating a plurality of subframes by using at least one medium access control (MAC) service data unit (MSDU); generating at least one field of an unequal error protection (UEP) field indicating whether UEP is applied to the subframes, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) field indicating a modulation and coding scheme applied to each of the subframes, and a length field indicating the length of each of the subframes; and generating a data frame by using the subframes and the at least one of the UEP field, the MCS field, and the length field.

Abstract: Provided is a substrate processing apparatus. The substrate processing apparatus includes an index part including a port on which a container containing a substrate is placed and an index robot, a processing part for processing the substrate, and a buffer unit disposed between the processing part and the index part to allow the substrate transferred between the processing part and the index part to be temporarily stayed therein. The processing part includes a glue removal processing module, a substrate cooling processing module, a heat processing module, and a functional water processing module which are disposed along a transfer passage for transferring the substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a method of allocating a channel time in a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In a WPAN where a parent piconet and at least one child piconet coexist, the method includes receiving a request frame transmitted from at least one of a plurality of child piconnet coordinators (PNCs) in order to request channel time allocation for data transmission, according to a common mode that is a PHY transmission mode commonly supported by a parent PNC and the child PNCs; and transmitting a beacon frame including channel time allocation information corresponding to the request frame to all the child PNCs of the WPAN.

Abstract: Provided are a apparatus and method for transmitting data and a apparatus and method for receiving data, in which a transmitting station sets priorities among a plurality of data to be transmitted and a receiving station processes the plurality of data according to the priorities. The apparatus for transmitting data includes a packet-generation module which generates a plurality of data and a packet that includes the plurality of data and that specifies priorities between the plurality of data; and a communication module which transmits the packet through a communication channel.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for searching for erroneous data is provided. The method of searching for erroneous data includes checking received data using an error-checking field included in the received data, and compensating for erroneous data of the checked data.

Abstract: Provided are a data transmission apparatus and method which apply an appropriate coding rate according to significance of bits or bit groups included in uncompressed data and retransmit all or part of the data when a transmission error occurs in the data while the data is being transmitted over a wireless network. The data transmission apparatus includes a mode termination unit which determines a retransmission mode for an initial transmission packet which has a transmission error; a packet generation unit which generates a retransmission packet, which includes at least part of the initial transmission packet, according to the determined retransmission mode; and a communication unit which transmits the retransmission packet through a communication channel.

Abstract: A method of encrypting data is provided. The method includes dividing data in packet units into N data blocks; generating an initial counter value using a random number used for generating an encryption key for encrypting the data blocks; generating N counter values by increasing the initial value by a predetermined value N times and encrypting the N counter values using the encryption key; and performing an exclusive OR operation on the N encrypted counter values and the N data blocks.

Abstract: The system includes a rescue requester device including an urgent rescue key for a requester's urgent situation, a communication company server configured to receive an urgent situation from the rescue requester device and establish a call between the rescue requester device and a rescuer device, and when the urgent situation is transferred from the rescuer device to a security server, switch the call to a call between the rescue requester device and the security server and transmits a telephone number of the rescue requester and short message information to the rescuer device, a rescuer device configured to inform the urgent situation based on the telephone number of the rescue requester device and the short message information, and a security server configured to connect the rescue requester device and a secondary emergency contact point one-sidedly through the communication company server.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for transmitting data and an apparatus and method for receiving data, in which beam forming is performed in consideration of the communication capabilities of antennas of stations that perform directional communication in a high-frequency band.

Abstract: A method of protecting important data in digital content and an apparatus therefor are provided. The method includes: receiving digital content which includes first important data; receiving reference data which includes second important data and authentication data for verifying whether the first important data is modified; and selectively correcting the first important data included in the digital content based on the reference data.

Abstract: A beacon packet is provided. The packet includes a first information field that includes channel-time-allocation information in a wireless network; and information about whether there is residual channel time that can be allocated to a device that belongs to the wireless network.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of transmitting data using authentication between a first device and a second device are provided. The method includes transmitting an encrypted certificate of the first device using a shared key shared by the first device and the second device, receiving authentication key generation information for generating an authentication key, which is received when it is determined that the certificate of the first device is valid and not revoked, generating a first random number and generating an authentication key based on the first random number and the authentication key generation information, and encrypting and transmitting data using the authentication key.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for efficiently transmitting large multimedia data over a wireless network are provided. A wireless device includes a device information reading unit which receives and reads information regarding available capabilities of devices included in a wireless network; a control unit which selects a first device which can process a video stream and a second device which can process an audio stream from the devices based on the information; a stream generation unit which generates a video stream and an audio stream which form the same content; and a wireless transmission/reception unit which transmits the generated video stream to the first device and transmits the generated audio stream to the second device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for efficiently transmitting large multimedia data over a wireless network are provided. A wireless device includes a device information reading unit which receives and reads information regarding available capabilities of devices included in a wireless network; a control unit which selects a first device which can process a video stream and a second device which can process an audio stream from the devices based on the information; a stream generation unit which generates a video stream and an audio stream which form the same content; and a wireless transmission/reception unit which transmits the generated video stream to the first device and transmits the generated audio stream to the second device.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device comprises a bulk region and a plurality of memory cells connected to a source line and a plurality of wordlines. The method comprises applying a source line voltage to the source line with a first magnitude, applying a bulk voltage to the bulk region with a second magnitude lower than the first magnitude, and performing access operations on the plurality of memory cells while maintaining a substantially constant difference between the bulk voltage and the source line voltage.