Abstract: The present invention discloses an encoding apparatus using a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) scanning, which includes a mode selection means for selecting an optimal mode for intra prediction; an intra prediction means for performing intra prediction onto video inputted based on the mode selected in the mode selection means; a DCT and quantization means for performing DCT and quantization onto residual coefficients of a block outputted from the intra prediction means; and an entropy encoding means for performing entropy encoding onto DCT coefficients acquired from the DCT and quantization by using a scanning mode decided based on pixel similarity of the residual coefficients.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a controller capable of controlling the brightness and preventing an erroneous operation from being generated and a converter including for the same. The present invention provides a controller including a gate driving unit for outputting a gate signal which is controlled by a feedback signal and a control block for modulating the feedback signal corresponding to a size of a sensing signal, wherein the feedback signal is generated by receiving the sensing signal, and a converter including the same.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing 4,4?-dinitrodiphenylamine (4,4?-DNDPA) in high yield via the NASH reaction using a mixture of a bis-quaternary ammonium base and a base catalyst for the reaction of urea with nitrobenzene, and a method of preparing 4,4?-bis(alkylamino)diphenylamine (4,4?BAADA) in high yield and purity by hydrogenating the resulting 4,4?-DNDPA with a ketone in the presence of hydrogen and hydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst complex used in the present invention allows easy recovery, provides superior alkaline stability and is capable of reducing production cost.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing 4,4?-dinitrodiphenylamine (4,4?-DNDPA) in high yield by reacting 4-nitroaniline with excess nitrobenzene via the NASH reaction, and a method of preparing 4,4?-bis(alkylamino)diphenylamine (4,4?BAADA) in high yield and purity by hydrogenating the resulting 4,4?-DNDPA with a ketone compound in the presence of hydrogen and hydrogenation catalyst. The disclosed process is simple, allows selective preparation of 4,4?-DNDPA without byproducts, and thus allows preparation of 4,4?-BAADA in high yield without a complicated purification procedure.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing 4,4?-dinitrodiphenylamine (4,4?-DNDPA) in high yield by reacting 4-nitroaniline with excess nitrobenzene via the NASH reaction, and a method of preparing 4,4?-bis(alkylamino)diphenylamine (4,4?BAADA) in high yield and purity by hydrogenating the resulting 4,4?-DNDPA with a ketone compound in the presence of hydrogen and hydrogenation catalyst. The disclosed process is simple, allows selective preparation of 4,4?-DNDPA without byproducts, and thus allows preparation of 4,4?-BAADA in high yield without a complicated purification procedure.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing 4,4?-dinitrodiphenylamine (4,4?-DNDPA) in high yield via the NASH reaction using a mixture of a bis-quaternary ammonium base and a base catalyst for the reaction of urea with nitrobenzene, and a method of preparing 4,4?-bis(alkylamino)diphenylamine (4,4?BAADA) in high yield and purity by hydrogenating the resulting 4,4?-DNDPA with a ketone in the presence of hydrogen and hydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst complex used in the present invention allows easy recovery, provides superior alkaline stability and is capable of reducing production cost.