Abstract: Computer-implemented techniques can include obtaining a document object model (DOM) tree having a plurality of elements arranged in a plurality of nodes, the DOM tree being generated from a source document for a web page, rendering the web page using the DOM tree, based on an update to the web page, obtaining, by the computing device, a virtual DOM tree having a plurality of virtual elements; establishing a pointer indicative of a current location in the virtual DOM tree, for each specific virtual element of the plurality of virtual elements, determining whether the specific virtual element corresponds to the update and when the specific virtual element corresponds to the update, based on the pointer, obtaining a modified DOM tree by transforming a particular DOM element in the DOM tree corresponding to the specific virtual element, and re-rendering the web page using the modified DOM tree.