Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: Array-based enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis creates a large number of polynucleotides using an uncontrolled and template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of reaction conditions on the surface of the array allows creation of polynucleotides with a variety of arbitrary sequences. Spatial control may be implemented by removing protecting groups attached to nucleotides only at a selected location on the array or by other techniques such as location-specific regulation of enzymatic activity. The ratio of polynucleotides with protecting groups to unprotected polynucleotides used during a cycle of synthesis is adjusted to control the length of homopolymers created by the polymerase. Digital information may be encoded in the enzymatically synthesized polynucleotides.

Abstract: Array-based enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis creates a large number of polynucleotides using an uncontrolled and template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of reaction conditions on the surface of the array allows creation of polynucleotides with a variety of arbitrary sequences. Spatial control may be implemented by removing protecting groups attached to nucleotides only at a selected location on the array or by other techniques such as location-specific regulation of enzymatic activity. The ratio of polynucleotides with protecting groups to unprotected polynucleotides used during a cycle of synthesis is adjusted to control the length of homopolymers created by the polymerase. Digital information may be encoded in the enzymatically synthesized polynucleotides.

Abstract: The efficiency of polymer synthesis is increased by reducing the number of monomer addition cycles needed to create a set of polymer strands. The number of cycles depends on the sequences of the polymer strands and the order in which each type of monomer is made available for addition to the growing strands. Efficiencies are created by grouping the polymer strands into batches such that all the strands in a batch require a similar number of cycles to synthesize. Efficiencies are also created by selecting an order in which the monomers are made available for addition to the growing polymer strands in a batch. Both techniques can be used together. With these techniques, the number of cycles of monomer addition and commensurate reagent use may be reduced by over 10% as compared to naïve synthesis techniques.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: Data that has been stored according to a DNA data storage method can be decoded using a flexible approach that supports both solitary strand mapping and cluster-based trace reconstruction. Solitary strand mapping can place strings based on integrity verification. Redundancy information can be partitioned to support error correction during the solitary strand mapping while still achieving integrity verification. Clusters with verified strands can be skipped during cluster-based trace reconstruction. Useful for increasing the accuracy of the trace reconstruction procedure.

Abstract: A system and method for applying noise to data is described. The system accesses a metric value of a metric of each user from a group of users of an application. The metric indicates a measure of an operation of the application by a corresponding user. The system generates noise values and defines a distribution of the noise values to the group of users. The system modifies the metric value of the metric of each user with a corresponding noise value from the noise values based on the distribution.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: A system and method for applying noise to data is described. The system accesses a metric value of a metric of each user from a group of users of an application. The metric indicates a measure of an operation of the application by a corresponding user. The system generates noise values and defines a distribution of the noise values to the group of users. The system modifies the metric value of the metric of each user with a corresponding noise value from the noise values based on the distribution.

Abstract: Polymeric molecules such as deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) provide a storage medium for digital data that has advantages over conventional storage media. Accessing digital data stored in polymers includes decoding the output of sequencers which detect the physical order of monomer subunits in the polymers. This output includes errors which are corrected through the process of trace reconstruction. Trace reconstruction identifies a consensus output sequence from a set of noisy output reads provided by a sequencer. The accuracy of trace reconstruction is improved by using weighted majority voting to determine the consensus output sequence. Weights are based on quality labels assigned by the sequencer to its output. Quality labels may be derived from empirical error data. A quality label for a single position in an output read may be determined independently or it may be influenced by quality labels of other nearby positions in the read.

Abstract: This document relates to hardware protection of differential privacy techniques. One example obtains multiple instances of encrypted telemetry data within a secure enclave and processes the encrypted telemetry data to obtain multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data. The example also processes, within the secure enclave, the multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data to obtain a perturbed aggregate. The example also releases the perturbed aggregate from the secure enclave.

Abstract: Data that has been stored according to a DNA data storage method can be decoded using a flexible approach that supports both solitary strand mapping and cluster-based trace reconstruction. Solitary strand mapping can place strings based on integrity verification. Redundancy information can be partitioned to support error correction during the solitary strand mapping while still achieving integrity verification. Clusters with verified strands can be skipped during cluster-based trace reconstruction. Useful for increasing the accuracy of the trace reconstruction procedure.

Abstract: Redundancy information can be included in nucleotide symbol strings encoding underlying data. To avoid propagation of errors during the decoding process, during encoding, a constrained encoding can be performed before the redundancy information is computed. The redundancy information can be an outer encoding across multiple nucleotide symbol strings. An inner coding within nucleotide symbol strings can also be supported. Such redundancy information can be interleaved into the underlying nucleotide symbol strings to which the constrained encoding has been applied, resulting in a relaxed constraint. Insertion/deletion redundancy information can also be included in the resulting strings, and an insertion/deletion-sensitive sequence can be included to assist in recovering accurate sequences during decoding operations.

Abstract: Array-based enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis creates a large number of polynucleotides using an uncontrolled and template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of reaction conditions on the surface of the array allows creation of polynucleotides with a variety of arbitrary sequences. Spatial control may be implemented by removing protecting groups attached to nucleotides only at a selected location on the array or by other techniques such as location-specific regulation of enzymatic activity. The ratio of polynucleotides with protecting groups to unprotected polynucleotides used during a cycle of synthesis is adjusted to control the length of homopolymers created by the polymerase. Digital information may be encoded in the enzymatically synthesized polynucleotides.

Abstract: A technique for clustering DNA reads from polynucleotide sequencing is described. DNA reads with a level of difference that is likely caused by errors in sequencing are grouped together in the same cluster. DNA reads that represent reads of different DNA molecules are placed in different clusters. The clusters are based on edit distance, which is the number of changes necessary to convert a given DNA read into another. The process of forming clusters may be performed iteratively and may use other types of distance that serve as an approximation for edit distance. Well clustered DNA reads provide a starting point for further analysis.

Abstract: The efficiency of polymer synthesis is increased by reducing the number of monomer addition cycles needed to create a set of polymer strands. The number of cycles depends on the sequences of the polymer strands and the order in which each type of monomer is made available for addition to the growing strands. Efficiencies are created by grouping the polymer strands into batches such that all the strands in a batch require a similar number of cycles to synthesize. Efficiencies are also created by selecting an order in which the monomers are made available for addition to the growing polymer strands in a batch. Both techniques can be used together. With these techniques, the number of cycles of monomer addition and commensurate reagent use may be reduced by over 10% as compared to naïve synthesis techniques.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques to improve the accuracy of random access of data stored in polynucleotide sequence data storage systems. Primers used in polynucleotide sequence replication and amplification can be scored against a number of criteria that indicate the fitness of sequences of nucleotides to function as primers. Primers having scores that indicate a particular fitness to function as primers can be added to a specific group of primers. The primers from the group of primers can be used in amplification and replication of polynucleotide sequences that encode digital data. Additionally, an amount of overlap between primer targets and payloads encoding digital data can be determined. Minimizing the amount of overlap between primer targets and payloads can improve the efficiency of polynucleotide replication and amplification. The bits of the digital data can be randomized to minimize the amount of overlap between payloads encoding the digital data and primer targets.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques to improve the accuracy of random access of data stored in polynucleotide sequence data storage systems. Primers used in polynucleotide sequence replication and amplification can be scored against a number of criteria that indicate the fitness of sequences of nucleotides to function as primers. Primers having scores that indicate a particular fitness to function as primers can be added to a specific group of primers. The primers from the group of primers can be used in amplification and replication of polynucleotide sequences that encode digital data. Additionally, an amount of overlap between primer targets and payloads encoding digital data can be determined. Minimizing the amount of overlap between primer targets and payloads can improve the efficiency of polynucleotide replication and amplification. The bits of the digital data can be randomized to minimize the amount of overlap between payloads encoding the digital data and primer targets.

Abstract: A facility for reporting on original values on behalf of each of a plurality of users—each falling within a domain partitioned into a plurality of segments of uniform size—is provided. For each of the plurality of users, the facility (a) randomly selects an upward-rounding window size that is smaller than the segment size; (b) for each source value in a domain, randomly determines a mapping of each segment of the domain to a segment identifier value; (c) determines an original value for the user; (d) adds the upward-rounding window size to the user's original value to obtain a window-augmented original value; (e) identifies a segment containing the window-augmented original value; (f) identifies a segment identifier value mapped-to from the identified segment using the determined mapping; and (g) transmits a reporting communication on the user's behalf reporting a value based on the identified segment identifier value.

Abstract: This document relates to hardware protection of differential privacy techniques. One example obtains multiple instances of encrypted telemetry data within a secure enclave and processes the encrypted telemetry data to obtain multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data. The example also processes, within the secure enclave, the multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data to obtain a perturbed aggregate. The example also releases the perturbed aggregate from the secure enclave.