Abstract: A method for removing an organic ligand from a surface of a particle including: obtaining a particle having an organic ligand disposed on a surface thereof; contacting the particle with an alkylammonium salt represented by Chemical Formula 1: NR?4+A???Chemical Formula 1 wherein groups R? are the same or different and are each independently hydrogen or a C1 to C20 alkyl group, provided that at least one group R? is an alkyl group, and A is a hydroxide anion, a halide anion, a borohydride anion, a nitrate anion, a phosphate anion, or a sulfate anion; and heat-treating the particle to carry out a reaction between the alkylammonium salt and the organic ligand.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: Nanopillar-based THz metamaterials, such as split ring resonator (SRR) MMs, utilizing displacement current in the dielectric medium between nanopillars that significantly increases energy storage in the MMs, leading to enhanced Q-factor. A metallic nanopillar array is designed in the form of a single gap (C-shape) SRR. Vacuum or dielectric materials of different permittivities are filled between the nanopillars to form nanoscale dielectric gaps. In other embodiments, formation of patterned nanowires using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with porous structures of different heights resulting from an initial step difference made by etching the aluminum (Al) thin film with a photoresist developer prior to the anodization process are disclosed.

Abstract: A sealing-coupled apparatus of a turbocharger may include a vane cover installed in front of a turbine vane set in a turbine housing, the vane cover configured to cover the turbine vane and to define a fluid passage through which a fluid may be fed to an outlet hole extending in the turbine housing, and a sealing member having a tubular shape with a predetermined thickness, the sealing member being engaged with a front end of the vane cover and having an annular groove formed around an outer circumferential surface of the sealing member, with a sealing ring fitted over the groove and spacing the vane cover apart from the turbine housing in a radial direction.

Abstract: A variable geometry turbo system that controls a flow of exhaust gas introduced into a turbine of a turbo charger may include a vane base ring in which the turbine may be positioned at a center thereof, a fixed vane which may be fixed onto a first surface of the vane base ring to guide the exhaust gas introduced into the turbine, a variable vane which may be pivotally positioned on the first surface of the vane base ring and adjacent to the fixed vane so as to vary a flow path of the exhaust gas introduced into the turbine, a vane cover ring fixed to the vane base ring with the fixed vane and the variable vane interposed therebetween, and an actuating module coupled to the variable vane and selectively actuating the variable vane.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array including a selected page including multiple error correction code (ECC) units, and a voltage generation unit configured to generate a read voltage to read data from the selected page. Read voltage levels are set individually for the respective ECC units according to data detection results for each of the ECC units. During a read retry section performed with respect to selected ECC units of the selected page for which read errors have been detected, a re-read operation of the selected ECC units is performed according to the respective read voltage levels set for the selected ECC units.

Abstract: A method for removing an organic ligand from a surface of a particle including: obtaining a particle having an organic ligand disposed on a surface thereof; contacting the particle with an alkylammonium salt represented by Chemical Formula 1: NR?4+A???Chemical Formula 1 wherein groups R? are the same or different and are each independently hydrogen or a C1 to C20 alkyl group, provided that at least one group R? is an alkyl group, and A is a hydroxide anion, a halide anion, a borohydride anion, a nitrate anion, a phosphate anion, or a sulfate anion; and heat-treating the particle to carry out a reaction between the alkylammonium salt and the organic ligand.

Abstract: A method for removing an organic ligand from a surface of a particle including: obtaining a particle having an organic ligand disposed on a surface thereof; contacting the particle with an alkylammonium salt represented by Chemical Formula 1: NR?4+A???Chemical Formula 1 wherein groups R? are the same or different and are each independently hydrogen or a C1 to C20 alkyl group, provided that at least one group R? is an alkyl group, and A is a hydroxide anion, a halide anion, a borohydride anion, a nitrate anion, a phosphate anion, or a sulfate anion; and heat-treating the particle to carry out a reaction between the alkylammonium salt and the organic ligand.

Abstract: A turbocharger having a cooling structure may include a center housing on which a shaft is rotatably fitted, a turbine impeller disposed at one end of the shaft, a compressor impeller disposed at the other end of the shaft, a turbine housing fastened to the center housing and covering the turbine impeller such that an exhaust gas flows into the turbine impeller, a compressor housing fastened to the center housing and covering the compressor impeller such that an intake air flows into the compressor impeller, and a coil type heat exchanger formed in a rotational direction of the shaft and in a space between the center housing and the turbine impeller.

Abstract: A waste gate valve which is installed on a turbocharger to selectively discharge a part of exhaust gas while allowing the part of the exhaust gas to bypass the turbocharger, may include a layer which is formed between a valve seat and a valve body that comes into contact with the valve seat.

Abstract: A method for removing organic materials includes providing a target object having the organic materials adsorbed thereon, and an adsorbent, into a space including a non-liquid medium therein; and separating the organic materials from the target object by applying ultrasound waves to the target object having the organic materials adsorbed thereon and the adsorbent in the space, and disposing the organic materials to the adsorbent.

Abstract: A method of operating a data storage device includes programming non-fully programmed memory blocks at a point in time when a reference time elapses from a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased, acquiring a first interval and a second interval, calculating a disturb index based on the first interval and the second interval, selecting a victim block for garbage collection based on the disturb index, and copying valid page data of the victim block into a free block. The first interval is defined by a point in time when each of the memory blocks is physically erased and a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed. The second interval is an interval during which a fully programmed state is maintained after a point in time when each of the memory blocks is fully programmed.

Abstract: A sealing-coupled apparatus of a turbocharger may include a vane cover installed in front of a turbine vane set in a turbine housing, the vane cover configured to cover the turbine vane and to define a fluid passage through which a fluid may be fed to an outlet hole extending in the turbine housing, and a sealing member having a tubular shape with a predetermined thickness, the sealing member being engaged with a front end of the vane cover and having an annular groove formed around an outer circumferential surface of the sealing member, with a sealing ring fitted over the groove and spacing the vane cover apart from the turbine housing in a radial direction.

Abstract: A method for removing an organic ligand from a surface of a particle including: obtaining a particle having an organic ligand disposed on a surface thereof; contacting the particle with an alkylammonium salt represented by Chemical Formula 1: NR?4+A???Chemical Formula 1 wherein groups R? are the same or different and are each independently hydrogen or a C1 to C20 alkyl group, provided that at least one group R? is an alkyl group, and A is a hydroxide anion, a halide anion, a borohydride anion, a nitrate anion, a phosphate anion, or a sulfate anion; and heat-treating the particle to carry out a reaction between the alkylammonium salt and the organic ligand.

Abstract: A lighting device comprises: a heat sink which comprises one surface and a receiving recess; a light emitting module which is disposed on the one surface of the heat sink and comprises a substrate and a plurality of light sources disposed on the substrate, wherein the substrate has a first hole disposed at the center thereof and a second hole; a power controller which is electrically connected to the light emitting module through the second hole of the substrate and is disposed in the receiving recess of the heat sink, wherein the light emitting module comprises a first light emitting module comprising a first substrate and a first light source, and a second light emitting module comprising a second substrate and a second light source, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are disposed adjacent to each other.

Abstract: A variable geometry turbo system that controls a flow of exhaust gas introduced into a turbine of a turbo charger may include a vane base ring in which the turbine may be positioned at a center thereof, a fixed vane which may be fixed onto a first surface of the vane base ring to guide the exhaust gas introduced into the turbine, a variable vane which may be pivotally positioned on the first surface of the vane base ring and adjacent to the fixed vane so as to vary a flow path of the exhaust gas introduced into the turbine, a vane cover ring fixed to the vane base ring with the fixed vane and the variable vane interposed therebetween, and an actuating module coupled to the variable vane and selectively actuating the variable vane.

Abstract: Disclosed is a waste gate assembly for a turbocharger that is provided at a side of a turbine into which an exhaust gas is introduced, and bypasses some of the exhaust gas introduced into the turbine to an outside. The waste gate assembly may include a boss that has a hole for discharging the exhaust gas and is provided at a waste gate main body, a valve that is provided to spherically come in contact with a valve mounting surface of the boss and selectively opens or closes the hole of the boss, and an actuator that is connected to the valve, and provides a rotational force to the valve.

Abstract: A waste gate valve which is installed on a turbocharger to selectively discharge a part of exhaust gas while allowing the part of the exhaust gas to bypass the turbocharger, may include a layer which is formed between a valve seat and a valve body that comes into contact with the valve seat.

Abstract: A turbocharger having a cooling structure may include a center housing on which a shaft is rotatably fitted, a turbine impeller disposed at one end of the shaft, a compressor impeller disposed at the other end of the shaft, a turbine housing fastened to the center housing and covering the turbine impeller such that an exhaust gas flows into the turbine impeller, a compressor housing fastened to the center housing and covering the compressor impeller such that an intake air flows into the compressor impeller, and a coil type heat exchanger formed in a rotational direction of the shaft and in a space between the center housing and the turbine impeller.