Abstract: Described herein is an extravasation tester that pinches an infusion line closed between a wheel and a platen, and then peristaltically withdraws fluid into the infusion line as the wheel is rolled away from a puncture site. Extravasation is determined to have occurred if little or no blood appears in a sight chamber positioned near the puncture site when a test fluid is withdrawn into the infusion line from the puncture site.

Abstract: Described herein is an extravasation tester that pinches an infusion line closed between a wheel and a platen, and then peristaltically withdraws fluid into the infusion line as the wheel is rolled away from a puncture site. Extravasation is determined to have occurred if little or no blood appears in a sight chamber positioned near the puncture site when a test fluid is withdrawn into the infusion line from the puncture site.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for separately preheating gaseous ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas mixture, combusting them to form a hydrogen-containing gas mixture, and cooling the hydrogen-containing gas mixture in conjunction with the preheating of the next ammonia and the preheating of the next oxygen-containing gas mixture. Combustion may occur at combinations of pressure and temperature that permit rapid and non-catalyzed decomposition of the ammonia.

Abstract: Pressurized and superheated, dry steam is admitted into the working chamber of a spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine. The steam is admitted into the working chamber near the end of compression, and before ignition of the fuel. An igniter ignites the fuel. Additional work is pneumatically recovered from the steam, thus augmenting the total work obtained by the engine.

Abstract: Pressurized and superheated, dry steam is admitted into the working chamber of a spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine. The steam is admitted into the working chamber near the end of compression, and before ignition of the fuel. An igniter ignites the fuel. Additional work is pneumatically recovered from the steam, thus augmenting the total work obtained by the engine.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for separately preheating gaseous ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas mixture, combusting them to form a hydrogen-containing gas mixture, and cooling the hydrogen-containing gas mixture in conjunction with the preheating of the next ammonia and the preheating of the next oxygen-containing gas mixture. Combustion may occur at combinations of pressure and temperature that permit rapid and non-catalyzed decomposition of the ammonia.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen gas mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters into a conduit within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of gaseous products resulting from the reaction is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. In the preferred embodiment, the incoming reactants including ammonia and oxygen are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen-containing product mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters a conduit, within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of products, resulting from the reactions, is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. The incoming reactants, including ammonia and oxygen, are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen-containing product mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters a conduit, within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of products, resulting from the reactions, is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. The incoming reactants, including ammonia and oxygen, are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen gas mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters into a conduit within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of gaseous products resulting from the reaction is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. In the preferred embodiment, the incoming reactants including ammonia and oxygen are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen gas mixture. A premixed, ammonia-rich gaseous mixture of anhydrous ammonia and air enters into a conduit within which combustion and decomposition of a portion of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating heat and hydrogen. The hydrogen mixes with the bulk of the gas mixture and the liberated heat drives the combustion reaction to completion, including portions of the gas not associated with the initial combustion and decomposition process. A mixture of gaseous products resulting from the reaction is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. In the preferred embodiment, combustion and decomposition of a portion of the mixture is initiated with a heating element disposed within the conduit.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of an apparatus, system and method for operating an oxygen-enriched ammonia-fueled spark ignition engine. According to one illustrative embodiment, a method for operating an oxygen-enriched ammonia-fueled spark ignition engine includes fueling the engine with a mixture of ammonia and auxiliary oxygen within a first engine load range between zero and an engine load associated with a target combustion condition selected from the group consisting of rough limit, MBT knock limit, and any of various conditions between the rough limit and MBT knock limit. Within the first engine load range, the amounts of ammonia and auxiliary oxygen consumed per cycle increase as the load increases. The method further includes fueling the engine on a mixture of ammonia, auxiliary oxygen, and air within a second engine load range between the engine loads associated with the selected target combustion condition and the maximum engine load.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of an apparatus, system and method for operating a dual fueled spark ignition engine. For example, according to one illustrative embodiment, a method for operating a dual fueled spark ignition engine includes fueling the engine solely with a combustion promoter within a first engine load range between zero and an engine load associated with a target combustion condition selected from the group consisting of rough limit, knock limit, and any of various conditions between the rough limit and knock limit. Within the first engine load range, the amount of combustion promoter fueling the engine increases as the load increases. The method further includes fueling the engine on a mixture of ammonia and the combustion promoter within a second engine load range between the engine load associated with the selected target combustion condition and the engine load associated with a maximum operating pressure of the engine.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of an apparatus, system and method for operating a dual fueled spark ignition engine. For example, according to one illustrative embodiment, a method for operating a dual fueled spark ignition engine includes fueling the engine solely with a combustion promoter within a first engine load range between zero and an engine load associated with a target combustion condition selected from the group consisting of rough limit, knock limit, and any of various conditions between the rough limit and knock limit. Within the first engine load range, the amount of combustion promoter fueling the engine increases as the load increases. The method further includes fueling the engine on a mixture of ammonia and the combustion promoter within a second engine load range between the engine load associated with the selected target combustion condition and the engine load associated with a maximum operating pressure of the engine.