Abstract: A transparent conductor includes a film-shaped or plate-shaped support and a transparent conductive layer that is disposed on the support and has a surface formed as a rough surface. The surface of the transparent conductive layer is formed so that a maximum peak height that shows a surface roughness of the surface is in a range of 0.35 ?m to 0.43 ?m, inclusive.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided, in which a high recording density is realized, and an electromagnetic transducing characteristic and an error rate are improved. The magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic layer containing a non-magnetic powder and a binder resin and a magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic metal powder or hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic support, wherein the ferromagnetic metal powder has an average long axis length of 80 nm or less, or the hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder has an average tabular diameter in the range of from 10 to 40 nm, the three-dimensional center surface average roughness of the magnetic layer surface is 3.0 nm or less in a region of 100 ?m2 based on a measurement with an atomic force microscope, and the area share held by asperities of at least ±5.0 nm with reference to the surface at an average height is 15 percent or less in a region of 100 ?m2 on the magnetic layer surface.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided, in which a high recording density is realized, and an electromagnetic transducing characteristic and an error rate are improved. The magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic layer containing a non-magnetic powder and a binder resin and a magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic substrate, the non-magnetic powder contains a non-magnetic inorganic powder having an average particle diameter of 80 nm or less, the three-dimensional center surface average roughness of the magnetic layer surface is 3.0 nm or less in a region of 100 ?m2 based on a measurement with an atomic force microscope, and the area share held by asperities of at least ±5.0 nm with reference to the surface at an average height is 15 percent or less in a region of 100 ?m2 on the magnetic layer surface.

Abstract: A transparent conductor includes a film-shaped or plate-shaped support and a transparent conductive layer that is disposed on the support and has a surface formed as a rough surface. The surface of the transparent conductive layer is formed so that a maximum peak height that shows a surface roughness of the surface is in a range of 0.35 ?m to 0.43 ?m, inclusive.

Abstract: A transparent conductor includes a film-shaped or plate-shaped support and a transparent conductive layer that is disposed on the support and has a surface formed as a rough surface. The surface of the transparent conductive layer is formed so that a maximum peak height that shows a surface roughness of the surface is in a range of 0.35 ?m to 0.43 ?m, inclusive.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium contains a non-magnetic substrate, a non-magnetic layer arranged on or above one side of the non-magnetic substrate and containing a non-magnetic powder, a carbon black and a binder resin, and a magnetic layer being arranged on or above the non-magnetic layer and containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin, in which the binder resin of the non-magnetic layer contains an electron-beam-curable resin having an adsorption with respect to the non-magnetic powder of less than 2.2 mg per square meter in terms of a specific surface area determined according to a BET method. The magnetic recording medium can carry out high-density recording and exhibits improved electromagnetic conversion properties and a reduced error rate.

Abstract: A transparent conductor includes a film-shaped or plate-shaped support and a transparent conductive layer that is disposed on the support and has a surface formed as a rough surface. The surface of the transparent conductive layer is formed so that a maximum peak height that shows a surface roughness of the surface is in a range of 0.35 ?m to 0.43 ?m, inclusive.

Abstract: An electron beam curing resin for a magnetic recording medium is provided, wherein a known thermosetting vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin is modified to become sensitive to an electron beam, and the resulting resin has a high cross-linking property. A method for readily manufacturing the above-described electron beam curing resin from a known thermosetting resin is provided. Furthermore, a high-performance magnetic recording medium including the above-described electron beam curing resin is provided. The electron beam curing resin is produced through a reaction between active hydrogen groups of a vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin having the active hydrogen groups in a molecule and a compound having an isocyanate group and a radical-polymerizing unsaturated double bond in a molecule, wherein the amount of water in the reaction system is controlled at 0.05 to 0.5 percent by mass relative to the resin when the reaction is effected.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium contains a non-magnetic substrate, a non-magnetic layer arranged on or above one side of the non-magnetic substrate and containing a non-magnetic powder, a carbon black and a binder resin, and a magnetic layer being arranged on or above the non-magnetic layer and containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin, in which the binder resin of the non-magnetic layer contains an electron-beam-curable resin having an adsorption with respect to the non-magnetic powder of less than 2.2 mg per square meter in terms of a specific surface area determined according to a BET method. The magnetic recording medium can carry out high-density recording and exhibits improved electromagnetic conversion properties and a reduced error rate.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided, in which a high recording density is realized, and an electromagnetic transducing characteristic and an error rate are improved. The magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic layer containing a non-magnetic powder and a binder resin and a magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic substrate, the non-magnetic powder contains a non-magnetic inorganic powder having an average particle diameter of 80 nm or less, the three-dimensional center surface average roughness of the magnetic layer surface is 3.0 nm or less in a region of 100 ?m2 based on a measurement with an atomic force microscope, and the area share held by asperities of at least ±5.0 nm with reference to the surface at an average height is 15 percent or less in a region of 100 ?m2 on the magnetic layer surface.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is provided, in which a high recording density is realized, and an electromagnetic transducing characteristic and an error rate are improved. The magnetic recording medium includes a non-magnetic layer containing a non-magnetic powder and a binder resin and a magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic metal powder or hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder and a binder resin on one surface of a non-magnetic support, wherein the ferromagnetic metal powder has an average long axis length of 80 nm or less, or the hexagonal ferrite magnetic powder has an average tabular diameter in the range of from 10 to 40 nm, the three-dimensional center surface average roughness of the magnetic layer surface is 3.0 nm or less in a region of 100 ?m2 based on a measurement with an atomic force microscope, and the area share held by asperities of at least ±5.0 nm with reference to the surface at an average height is 15 percent or less in a region of 100 ?m2 on the magnetic layer surface.

Abstract: A high density magnetic recording medium having improved dispersibility in a non-magnetic layer, excellent surface properties, electromagnetic conversion properties and durability is provided. The magnetic recording medium comprises a non-magnetic substrate, a non-magnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic substrate, and a magnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic substrate via the non-magnetic layer containing at least carbon black and a radiation curing type binder, wherein the radiation curing type binder contains a radiation curing type polyurethane resin having both a basic polar group and a sulfur-containing polar group in a molecule. The basic polar group is preferably an amino group, and the sulfur-containing polar group is preferably a sulfonic metal basic group.

Abstract: An electron beam curing resin for a magnetic recording medium is provided, wherein a known thermosetting vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin is modified to become sensitive to an electron beam while an increase in viscosity and gelation of a paint are prevented, and the resulting resin has a high cross-linking property. A method for readily manufacturing the above-described electron beam curing resin from a known thermosetting resin is provided. Furthermore, a high-performance magnetic recording medium including the above-described electron beam curing resin is provided. The electron beam curing resin is produced through a reaction between DI-HA adducts and active hydrogen groups of a vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin having the active hydrogen groups in a molecule, wherein the DI-HA adduct is produced through a reaction between a diisocyanate (DI) and a hydoxy(meth)acrylate compound (HA) at an HA/DI molar ratio of more than 1 and less than 2.

Abstract: An electron beam curing resin for a magnetic recording medium is provided, wherein a known thermosetting vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin is modified to become sensitive to an electron beam, and the resulting resin has a high cross-linking property. A method for readily manufacturing the above-described electron beam curing resin from a known thermosetting resin is provided. Furthermore, a high-performance magnetic recording medium including the above-described electron beam curing resin is provided. The electron beam curing resin is produced through a reaction between active hydrogen groups of a vinyl chloride resin or polyurethane resin having the active hydrogen groups in a molecule and a compound having an isocyanate group and a radical-polymerizing unsaturated double bond in a molecule, wherein the amount of water in the reaction system is controlled at 0.05 to 0.5 percent by mass relative to the resin when the reaction is effected.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having improved charge and discharge characteristics such as discharge capacity and charge/discharge cycle life and the like. The electrode comprises an electrode active material layer including at least a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent and a binder. The crushed, expanded graphite is used as the conductive agent. The crushed expanded graphite preferably has a median particle diameter of 0.1 to 40 &mgr;m. The quantity of the conductive agent in the electrode active material layer is preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic recording medium having a thinned magnetic layer, excellent electromagnetic conversion characteristics and an excellent durability, and a process for producing the same. A magnetic recording medium comprising a lower non-magnetic layer containing at least a carbon black and a radiation curing type binder resin on a non-magnetic support and an upper magnetic layer having a thickness of 0.30 &mgr;m or less on the lower non-magnetic layer, wherein the upper magnetic layer contains at least a ferromagnetic powder, a binder resin and an abrasive having a Mohs hardness of 6 or higher and a smaller average particle size than the thickness of the upper magnetic layer. The thickness of the upper magnetic layer is, for example, 0.05 to 0.30 &mgr;m. The average particle size of the abrasive is, for example, 0.01 to 0.2 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A high density magnetic recording medium having improved dispersibility in a non-magnetic layer, excellent surface properties, electromagnetic conversion properties and durability is provided. The magnetic recording medium comprises a non-magnetic substrate, a non-magnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic substrate, and a magnetic layer disposed on the non-magnetic substrate via the non-magnetic layer containing at least carbon black and a radiation curing type binder, wherein the radiation curing type binder contains a radiation curing type polyurethane resin having both a basic polar group and a sulfur-containing polar group in a molecule. The basic polar group is preferably an amino group, and the sulfur-containing polar group is preferably a sulfonic metal basic group.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a large capacity with improved charge/discharge characteristics is provided. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is fabricated by combining a positive electrode (4) and a negative electrode (2) so that the relationship: 0.9≦Kp/Kn≦1.1 is satisfied, where an initial efficiency of the positive electrode (4) is represented by Kp and an initial efficiency of the negative electrode (2) is represented by Kn. An active material of the positive electrode (4) preferably contains a lithium composite oxide having a composition of LixNiyMzO2 (0.8<×<1.5, 0.8<y+z<1.2, 0≦z<0.35; M is at least one element selected from Co, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Mn and Fe).

Abstract: A method for producing an electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery which improves charge/discharge characteristics such as a discharge capacity and a charge/discharge cycle life and which provides improved physical properties of a coating film. The method includes the steps of wet-kneading a slurry containing an active material having a composition of LixNiyMzO2 (0.8<x<1.5, 0.8<y+z<1.2, 0≦z<0.35; M is at least one element selected from Co, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Mn and Fe), an electrically conductive agent, a binder and an organic solvent, and then performing a dispersion process on the wet-kneaded slurry by means of a narrow-gap-type dispersing apparatus to prepare a mixture coating material, which is then applied onto a collector.

Abstract: A method of producing an electrode for non-aqueous electrolytic cells comprising forming on a collector an electrode active substance layer comprising an active substance composed of polymer carbon, a conductive agent composed of graphite showing a flake form, and a binder, characterized in that when the specific surface area of the active substance as measured by the BET method is denoted by Sa, the compounded weight thereof at the time of kneading by Wa, the specific surface area of the graphite as measured by the BET method by Sg, and the compounded weight thereof at the time of kneading by Wg, the mixture is kneaded by a kneading device under conditions satisfying the following equation: Wa/wg≧2 0.5·Sg/Sa, thereby making it possible to obtain an electrode for non-aqueous electrolytic cells improved in charge and discharge characteristics such as discharge potential, discharge capacity and charge and discharge cycle life.