Abstract: An optical element driving mechanism is provided and includes a fixed assembly, a movable assembly, a driving assembly and a stopping assembly. The fixed assembly has a main axis. The movable assembly is configured to connect an optical element, and the movable assembly is movable relative to the fixed assembly. The driving assembly is configured to drive the movable assembly to move relative to the fixed assembly. The stopping assembly is configured to limit the movement of the movable assembly relative to the fixed assembly within a range of motion.

Abstract: An optical system affixed to an electronic apparatus is provided, including a first optical module, a second optical module, and a third optical module. The first optical module is configured to adjust the moving direction of a first light from a first moving direction to a second moving direction, wherein the first moving direction is not parallel to the second moving direction. The second optical module is configured to receive the first light moving in the second moving direction. The first light reaches the third optical module via the first optical module and the second optical module in sequence. The third optical module includes a first photoelectric converter configured to transform the first light into a first image signal.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate substrate, and an inorganic binder, a pigment, and a hydrophobic coating on the particulate substrate. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the hydrophobic coating may include a (meth)acrylic polymer, a coupling agent, a wax and an antioxidant. A method of making the composition may include mixing the pigment, the inorganic binder, a dispersant and water to form a pigment mixture, adding the particulate substrate to the pigment mixture, heat treating the pigmented particulate, and mixing the pigmented particulate with a hydrophobic coating composition. Alternatively, the method may include first mixing the particulate substrate with one of the inorganic binder or the pigment, and then mixing the resulting composition with the other of the inorganic binder and the pigment, and heat treating the pigmented particulate.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate mixture that includes a particulate substrate, a hardness enhancer and a pigment. The reflective particulate substrate has a hydrophobic coating on the particulate mixture. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the particulate substrate may include a feldspar. A method of making the composition may include mixing the particulate substrate, the hardness enhancer, and the pigment to form a particulate mixture, heat treating the particulate mixture, and coating the heat treated mixture with the hydrophobic coating.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate substrate, and an inorganic binder, a pigment, and a hydrophobic coating on the particulate substrate. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the hydrophobic coating may include a (meth)acrylic polymer, a coupling agent, a wax and an antioxidant. A method of making the composition may include mixing the pigment, the inorganic binder, a dispersant and water to form a pigment mixture, adding the particulate substrate to the pigment mixture, heat treating the pigmented particulate, and mixing the pigmented particulate with a hydrophobic coating composition. Alternatively, the method may include first mixing the particulate substrate with one of the inorganic binder or the pigment, and then mixing the resulting composition with the other of the inorganic binder and the pigment, and heat treating the pigmented particulate.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate mixture that includes a particulate substrate, a hardness enhancer and a pigment. The reflective particulate substrate has a hydrophobic coating on the particulate mixture. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the particulate substrate may include a feldspar. A method of making the composition may include mixing the particulate substrate, the hardness enhancer, and the pigment to form a particulate mixture, heat treating the particulate mixture, and coating the heat treated mixture with the hydrophobic coating.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate substrate, and an inorganic binder, a pigment, and a hydrophobic coating on the particulate substrate. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the hydrophobic coating may include a (meth)acrylic polymer, a coupling agent, a wax and an antioxidant. A method of making the composition may include mixing the pigment, the inorganic binder, a dispersant and water to form a pigment mixture, adding the particulate substrate to the pigment mixture, heat treating the pigmented particulate, and mixing the pigmented particulate with a hydrophobic coating composition. Alternatively, the method may include first mixing the particulate substrate with one of the inorganic binder or the pigment, and then mixing the resulting composition with the other of the inorganic binder and the pigment, and heat treating the pigmented particulate.

Abstract: A reflective particulate composition includes a particulate substrate, and an inorganic binder, a pigment, and a hydrophobic coating on the particulate substrate. The composition may have a solar reflectance of 70% or greater. The pigment may include a clay, and the hydrophobic coating may include a (meth)acrylic polymer, a coupling agent, a wax and an antioxidant. A method of making the composition may include mixing the pigment, the inorganic binder, a dispersant and water to form a pigment mixture, adding the particulate substrate to the pigment mixture, heat treating the pigmented particulate, and mixing the pigmented particulate with a hydrophobic coating composition. Alternatively, the method may include first mixing the particulate substrate with one of the inorganic binder or the pigment, and then mixing the resulting composition with the other of the inorganic binder and the pigment, and heat treating the pigmented particulate.

Abstract: Twisted bundle of glass fibers have on a substantial portion of the surface of each fiber a moisture reduced residue of an aqueous chemical treating composition (size). The size has an epoxy polymer as the major film forming polymer, at least one emulsifying agent for the epoxy polymer, at least one fiber lubricant in an effective fiber lubricating amount, at least one organofunctional metallic coupling agent in an effective coupling agent amount, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water dispersible or emulsifiable ultrahigh, high, or medium density polyethylene and water. The amount of the polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene is in the range of around 1 to 15 weight percent of the nonaqueous components of the size for each of the polymers. When the bundle has less than around 400 filaments, starch is also present in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 15 weight percent of the nonaqueous components.