Abstract: A substrate holding apparatus which can adjust polishing profile precisely is disclosed. The substrate holding apparatus includes an elastic membrane that forms a plurality of pressure chambers for pressing a substrate, and a head body to which the elastic membrane is coupled. The elastic membrane includes a contact portion to be brought into contact with the substrate for pressing the substrate against a polishing pad, an edge circumferential wall extending upwardly from a peripheral edge of the contact portion, and a plurality of inner circumferential walls arranged radially inwardly of the edge circumferential wall and extending upwardly from the contact portion. At least two adjacent inner circumferential walls of the plurality of inner circumferential walls include slope circumferential walls inclined radially inwardly. The slope circumferential walls are inclined radially inwardly in their entirety from their lower ends to upper ends, and extend upwardly.

Abstract: An electrically-operated hydraulic work machine drives an actuator with a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor and exercises load sensing control by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor. The useful life of an electrical storage device, which is an electrical power source for the electric motor, is increased by suppressing the horsepower consumption of the hydraulic pump. This prolongs the operating time of the electrically-operated hydraulic work machine, and reduces the size of the electric motor. A controller exercises load sensing control over a variable displacement main pump by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor, and provides the main pump with a torque control device that reduces the delivery rate of the main pump when the delivery pressure of the main pump increases, or provides the controller with a control algorithm that performs the same function as the torque control device.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to achieve a travel speed known in the art during travelling operation, improve energy efficiency by reducing energy loss, and obtain favorable travel operability less susceptible to effects from variations in a travel load and changes in a pump delivery pressure when travelling operation is performed through operation of a travel lever over a half stroke range or less. A variable restrictor valve 80 is disposed in parallel with a flow sensing valve 50 of an engine speed sensing valve unit 13. A travel pilot pressure is adapted to act in an opening direction of the variable restrictor valve 80. The variable restrictor valve 80 is set to have a continuously increasing opening area from a full closure to a maximum with an increasing travel pilot pressure.

Abstract: Pressure sensors are provided to detect the delivery pressure of a hydraulic pump, the output pressure of an engine revolution speed detecting valve, and the output pressure of a differential pressure reducing valve generating the differential pressure between the delivery pressure of the hydraulic pump and a maximum load pressure. A vehicle controller calculates virtually the displacement of the hydraulic pump by use of the detected pressures and an equation of motion about a swash plate of the hydraulic pump, calculates the power need of the hydraulic pump and the output of the engine using these values, and switches a motor between powering and generation control in accordance with the result of a comparison between the pump power need and the engine output. In this manner, the displacement of the hydraulic pump without using sensors to detect the tilting angle of the swash plate of the hydraulic pump.

Abstract: An electrically-operated hydraulic work machine drives an actuator with a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor and exercises load sensing control by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor. The useful life of an electrical storage device, which is an electrical power source for the electric motor, is increased by suppressing the horsepower consumption of the hydraulic pump. This prolongs the operating time of the electrically-operated hydraulic work machine, and reduces the size of the electric motor. A controller exercises load sensing control over a variable displacement main pump by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor, and provides the main pump with a torque control device that reduces the delivery rate of the main pump when the delivery pressure of the main pump increases, or provides the controller with a control algorithm that performs the same function as the torque control device.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to achieve a travel speed known in the art during travelling operation, improve energy efficiency by reducing energy loss, and obtain favorable travel operability less susceptible to effects from variations in a travel load and changes in a pump delivery pressure when travelling operation is performed through operation of a travel lever over a half stroke range or less. A variable restrictor valve 80 is disposed in parallel with a flow sensing valve 50 of an engine speed sensing valve unit 13. A travel pilot pressure is adapted to act in an opening direction of the variable restrictor valve 80. The variable restrictor valve 80 is set to have a continuously increasing opening area from a full closure to a maximum with an increasing travel pilot pressure.

Abstract: Pressure sensors are provided to detect the delivery pressure of a hydraulic pump, the output pressure of an engine revolution speed detecting valve, and the output pressure of a differential pressure reducing valve generating the differential pressure between the delivery pressure of the hydraulic pump and a maximum load pressure. A vehicle controller calculates virtually the displacement of the hydraulic pump by use of the detected pressures and an equation of motion about a swash plate of the hydraulic pump, calculates the power need of the hydraulic pump and the output of the engine using these values, and switches a motor between powering and generation control in accordance with the result of a comparison between the pump power need and the engine output. In this manner, the displacement of the hydraulic pump without using sensors to detect the tilting angle of the swash plate of the hydraulic pump.

Abstract: An electrically-operated hydraulic work machine drives an actuator with a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor and exercises load sensing control by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor. The useful life of an electrical storage device, which is an electrical power source for the electric motor, is increased by suppressing the horsepower consumption of the hydraulic pump. This prolongs the operating time of the electrically-operated hydraulic work machine, and reduces the size of the electric motor. A controller exercises load sensing control over a variable displacement main pump by controlling the rotation speed of the electric motor, and provides the main pump with a torque control device that reduces the delivery rate of the main pump when the delivery pressure of the main pump increases, or provides the controller with a control algorithm that performs the same function as the torque control device.

Abstract: An upper boom is constituted by a box member having a shape like a box that includes an upper flange, a lower flange, a left web and a right web, and bosses that are welded to both ends of the box member. Bent plate portions which are bent inward are provided at both ends of the left web, and bent plate portions are also provided at both ends of the right web. Reinforcement plates are positioned at an outside of the bent plate portions and welded between the left web and the boss, and reinforcement plates are also welded between the right web and the boss at an outside of the bent plate portions. With these bent plate portions and the reinforcement plates, a double structure can be provided in the vicinities of the bosses, and these portions can be reinforced.

Abstract: An upper boom is constituted by a box member having a shape like a box that includes an upper flange, a lower flange, a left web and a right web, and bosses that are welded to both ends of the box member. Bent plate portions which are bent inward are provided at both ends of the left web, and bent plate portions are also provided at both ends of the right web. Reinforcement plates are positioned at an outside of the bent plate portions and welded between the left web and the boss, and reinforcement plates are also welded between the right web and the boss at an outside of the bent plate portions. With these bent plate portions and the reinforcement plates, a double structure can be provided in the vicinities of the bosses, and these portions can be reinforced.